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Cells to Organisms - Lectures > Lecture 22. Nervous Regulation of Physiological Function > Flashcards

Lecture 22. Nervous Regulation of Physiological Function Flashcards

1
Q

What does homeostasis in animals rely heavily on ?

A

Negative feedback

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2
Q

What is negative feedback ?

A

Helps to return a variable to a normal range

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3
Q

What are some things that rely on negative feedback ?

A

Temperature regulation, blood glucose regulation

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4
Q

What is the function of positive feedback ?

A

Amplifies a stimulus in animals in a small number of functions

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5
Q

What may you see positive feedback in ?

A

Childbirth, blood clotting, electrical impulses in nerves

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6
Q

What is feedforward ?

A

Anticipatory responses to expected change

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7
Q

What are some examples of feedforward ?

A

Increased heart rate in anticipation of exercise, increased secretion of insulin before food is digested to yield glucose, stimulation of gastric secretions due to thought/smell of food

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8
Q

What does external environment contain ?

A
  1. Temperature
  2. 02, CO2, water, food
  3. Light
  4. Noxious stimuli/predators
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9
Q

What does the internal environment contain ?

A
  1. Composition of body fluids
  2. Temperature
  3. Metabolites
  4. Blood pressure
  5. 02 and CO2 in tissues
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10
Q

What are the fluid compartments of the human body ?

A
  1. Total body water
  2. Intracellular fluid
  3. Extracellular fluid
  4. Plasma
  5. Interstitial fluid
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11
Q

What is the volume of the total body water ?

A

42 L

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12
Q

What is the volume of intracellular fluid ?

A

28L

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13
Q

What is the volume of extracellular fluid ?

A

14L

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14
Q

What is the volume of plasma ?

A

3L

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15
Q

What is the volume of interstitial fluid ?

A

11L

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16
Q

What is physiological function regulated by ?

A
  1. Nervous system

2. Endocrine system

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17
Q

What is the nervous system ?

A

A network of specialised cells (neurons) that transmit signals along dedicated pathways

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18
Q

What are some features of the nervous system ?

A
  1. Hard wired
  2. Fast acting
  3. Electrical and chemical signaling
  4. Local cellular responses
  5. Rapid response by target cell
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19
Q

What is the function of endocrine system >

A

Chemical signaling by hormones

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20
Q

What are some features of endocrine system ?

A
  1. Hormones transported in blood
  2. Slower acting
  3. Chemical signaling often involves changes in gene expression
  4. Slower and often long lasting responses of target cells
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21
Q

What are four examples of interaction an cooperation?

A
  1. Some nerves innervate endocrine glands, eg. adrenal glands
  2. Hypothalamus and pituitary are brain regions that regulate endocrine function
  3. Blood pressure is regulated by nerves acting on the heart and blood vessels and by hormones acting on kidneys to regulate blood volume
  4. Glial cells in the nervous system play an important role in nervous function
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22
Q

What derives from efferent neurons ?

A
  1. Autonomic nervous system

2. Motor system

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23
Q

What derives from autonomic nervous system ?

A
  1. Sympathetic division
  2. Parasympathetic division
  3. Enteric nervous system
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24
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control ?

A

Control of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands

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25
Q

What is found in the forebrain ?

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Thalamus
  3. Hypothalamus
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26
Q

What is found in the hindbrain ?

A
  1. Pons
  2. Medulla oblongata
  3. Cerebellum
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27
Q

What is the brainstem ?

A

Consists of the midbrain, the pons and the medulla oblongata

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28
Q

What is the function of the midbrain ?

A

Receives and integrates sensory information and sends it to specific regions of the brain

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29
Q

What do the pons and medulla do ?

A

Transfer information between the peripheral nervous system and the midbrain and forebrain

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30
Q

What is the function of the medulla ?

A

Controls several basic functions such as breathing, heart and blood vessel activity, swallowing, vomiting and digestion

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31
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum ?

A

Coordinates movement and balance and helps in learning and remembering motor skills

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32
Q

What does the diencephalon do ?

A

Give rise to the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

33
Q

What does the hypothalamus do ?

A

Constitute a control center that includes the body thermostat and central biological clock - homeostasis

34
Q

What is the cerebrum ?

A

Controls skeletal muscle contraction and is the center for learning, emotion, memory and perception

35
Q

What is the outer layer of the cerebrum called ?

A

Cerebral cortex

36
Q

What is the cerebral cortex vital for ?

A

Perception, voluntary movement and learning

37
Q

What is the corpus callosum ?

A

A thick band of axons

38
Q

What does the corpus callosum enable ?

A

The right and left cerebral cortices to communicate

39
Q

What does the motor cortex do ?

A

Control of skeletal muscle

40
Q

What does the prefrontal cortex do ?

A

Decision making and planning

41
Q

What does broca’s area do ?

A

Form speech

42
Q

What does the auditory cortex do ?

A

Hearing

43
Q

What does wernicke’s area do ?

A

Comprehending language

44
Q

What does the visual cortex do ?

A

Process visual stimuli and pattern recognition

45
Q

What does the visual association cortex do ?

A

Combining images and object recognition

46
Q

What does the sensory association cortex do ?

A

Integration of sensory information

47
Q

What does the somatosensory cortex do ?

A

Sense of touch

48
Q

What is found in the parietal lobe ?

A
  1. Somatosensory cortex

2. Sensory association cortex

49
Q

What is found in the frontal lobe ?

A
  1. Motor cortex
  2. Prefrontal cortex
  3. Broca’s area
50
Q

What is found in the temporal lobe ?

A
  1. Auditory lobe

2. Wernicke;s area

51
Q

What is found in the occipital lobe ?

A
  1. Visual cortex

2. Visual association cortex

52
Q

How many cranial nerves are there ?

A

12

53
Q

What are the cranial nerves

A 
I. Olfactory nerve
II. Optic nerve
III. Oculomotor nerve
IV. Trochlear nerve
V. Trigeminal nerve
VI. Abducens nerve
VII. Facial nerve
VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve
IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve
X. Vagus nerve
XI. Accessory nerve
XII. Hypoglossal nerve
54
Q

What is the function of the olfactory nerve

A

The olfactory nerve transmits sensory information to your brain regarding smells that you encounter

55
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve ?

A

The optic nerve is the sensory nerve that involves vision.

56
Q

What is the function of the oculomotor nerve ?

A

The oculomotor nerve has two different motor functions: muscle function and pupil response.

57
Q

What is the function of the trochlear nerve

A

The trochlear nerve controls your superior oblique muscle. This is the muscle that’s responsible for downward, outward, and inward eye movements.

58
Q

What is the function of the trigeminal nerve ?

A

Has three divisions: opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

59
Q

What is the function of the abducens nerve ?

A

The abducens nerve controls another muscle that’s associated with eye movement, called the lateral rectus muscle. This muscle is involved in outward eye movement

60
Q

What is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve ?

A

vestibulocochlear nerve has sensory functions involving hearing and balance.

61
Q

What is the function of the accessory nerve ?

A

Controls muscles in neck

62
Q

What is the function of the hypoglossal nerve ?

A

Controls muscles in tongue

63
Q

What is the visceral afferent ?

A

Incoming pathway for information from internal viscera

64
Q

What do sensory afferents do ?

A

Somatic sensation: arises from body surface and proprioception

65
Q

What do sensory afferents of the PNS do ?

A

Send information from internal and external environments to CNS

66
Q

What are the two efferent components of the PNS ?

A
  1. Motor system

2. Autonomic nervous system

67
Q

What does the motor system do ?

A

Carries signals to skeletal muscles and is mainly voluntary

68
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do ?

A

Regulates smooth and cardiac muscles and is generally involuntary

69
Q

What does the enteric nervous system do ?

A

Exerts direct control over the digestive tract, pancreas and gallbladder

70
Q

What does the sympathetic division do ?

A

Regulates arousal and energy generation

71
Q

What does the parasympathetic division do ?

A

Has antagonistic effects on target organs and promotes calming and a return to rest and digest functions

72
Q

Where do the autonomic nervous system extend from ?

A

CNS to an innervated organ

73
Q

What are the two neuron chains from autonomic nerve pathway ?

A
  1. Preganglionic fiber

2. Postganglionic fiber

74
Q

What is a ganglion ?

A

A collection of cell bodies in the PNS

75
Q

What is the name for a ganglion in the CNS ?

A

Nucleus

76
Q

What gland only receives a sympathetic innervation ?

A

Sweat

77
Q

What does dual innervation of organs by both branches of the ANS allow ?

A

Precise control over organ activity

78
Q

Functions of parasympathetic division ?

A 
Constricts pupil of eye
Stimulates salivary
gland secretion
Constricts
bronchi in lungs
Slows heart
Stimulates activity of
stomach and intestines
Stimulates activity
of pancreas
Stimulates gallbladder
Emptying of bladder
Promotes erection of genitalia
79
Q

Functions of the sympathetic division ?

A 
Dilates pupil of eye
Inhibits salivary
gland secretion
Sympathetic
ganglia Relaxes bronchi in lungs
Accelerates heart
Inhibits activity of
stomach and intestines
Inhibits activity
of pancreas
Stimulates glucose, release from liber, inhibits gallbladder
Stimulates adrenal medulla
Inhibits emptying of bladder
Promotes ejaculation an vaginal contractions

Cells to Organisms - Lectures (36 decks)

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