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Pelvis, Perineum, + Lower Limb > 11/17 Perineum Anatomy > Flashcards

11/17 Perineum Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the perineum

A

shallow, diamond-shaped region inferior to the pelvic diaphragm

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2
Q

what kind of boundaries does the perineum have

A

osseofibrous

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3
Q

two triangles of the perineum

A

anal and urogenital

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4
Q

does the shape of the perineum change?

A

yes, with lower extremity movement

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5
Q

perineum function

A

to support gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital viscera

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6
Q

boundaries of the perineum

A

pubic symphysis, ischiopubic ramus, ischial tuberosity, sacrotuberous ligament, coccyx

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7
Q

is the urogenital triangle sexually dimorphic?

A

yes

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8
Q

urogenital triangle contents

A

urethrae, vagina, erectile bodies, muscles, glands, neurovasculature, minimal adipose

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9
Q

anal triangle contents

A

anal canal, anus, minimal neurovasculature, substantial adipose tissue

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10
Q

what is the palpable central point of the perineum?

A

perineal body

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11
Q

perineal body

A

subcutaneous, irregular mass of collagen, elastic fibers, and interlacing skeletal and smooth muscles

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12
Q

when is the perineal body formed embryologically?

A

when the urorectal septum partitions the cloaca

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13
Q

perineal body function

A

provides passive support for pelvic viscera

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14
Q

what is the perineal membrane?

A

a dense, tough sheet of fascia attached to ischiopubic rami; posterior edge is attached to perineal body centrally

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15
Q

what does the perineal membrane cover?

A

the anterior pelvic outlet

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16
Q

perineal membrane functions

A

passive support for pelvic viscera
attachment sites for erectile bodies and musculature
divides urogenital triangle into superficial and deep pouches

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17
Q

where does perineal neurovasculature travel

A

through the pudendal canal

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18
Q

what is the pudendal canal

A

a horizontal canal within obturator fascia, between obturator internus and ischioanal fossa

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19
Q

pudendal nerve comes from

A

ventral rami of S2-4

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20
Q

pudendal nerve branches do what

A

innervate the majority of the perineum’s skin, muscle, and organs

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21
Q

internal pudendal artery supplies?

A

branches supply the perineum with minor assistance from external pudendal artery

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22
Q

what is the ischioanal fossae

A

wedge-shaped space on either side of anal canal filled with adipose tissue

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23
Q

why is the ischioanal fossa filled with adipose tissue

A

to support anal canal and permit deformation for the passage of feces

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24
Q

what does the ischioanal fossa contain

A

inferior rectal neurovasculature

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25
Q

anal canal contains

A

anal columns, valves, and sinuses/crypts

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26
Q

anal canal function

A

to contain glands that exude mucus

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27
Q

anal verge is

A

junction of anal epithelium and skin

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28
Q

pectinate line

A

visible scalloped line in anal canal

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29
Q

what does the pectinate line mark

A

difference in embryological origin (hindgut endoderm or proctodeum ectoderm)

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30
Q

internal anal sphincter location

A

thickened layer of intestinal wall around superior 2/3 of anal canal

31
Q

external anal sphincter location

A

inferior 2/3 of anal canal

32
Q

the internal anal sphincter control

A

under sympathetic control for constant tone

33
Q

the external anal sphincter controlled by

A

under somatic control

34
Q

ischioanal/ischiorectal abscess is?

A

abscess that has penetrated through the external anal sphincter and into the ischioanal fossa

35
Q

etiology of ischioanal abscess

A

infected anal sinus/crypt (could be from chronic constipation, trauma, STI)

36
Q

internal hemorrhoids

A

varicosities of superior rectal veins internal venous plexus, covered in mucous membrane

37
Q

external hemorrhoids

A

varicosities of inferior rectal veins external venous plexus, covered in skin

38
Q

what is anatomical position of penis

A

erect

39
Q

male external genitalia

A

scrotum, penis, prepuce (foreskin)

40
Q

parts of penis

A

shaft, distal urethra, external urethral orifice, glans, fascia, neurovasculature

41
Q

penis shaft is made up of

A

3 cylindrical, fused erectile bodies

42
Q

3 erectile bodies of male genitalia

A

corpus spongiosum, corpora cavernosa x2

43
Q

each male erectile body has

A

a tunica albuginea, with deep fascia of the penis binding them all together

44
Q

4 parts of the male urethra

A

preprostatic/intramural, prostatic, intermediate/membranous, spongy

45
Q

female external genitalia

A

vulva

46
Q

vulva parts

A

mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, vestibule, 3 erectile bodies, prepuce, fascia, neurovasculature

47
Q

vestibule contains

A

vaginal orifice and external urethral orifice

48
Q

3 erectile bodies of female genitalia

A

bulbs of vestibule x2
clitoris

49
Q

erectile bodies anatomy

A

crura attach to ischiopubic rami and are supported by perineal membrane, covered in musculature proximally

50
Q

during erection what do erectile bodies do?

A

blood flow increases and the surrounding muscles compress the erectile bodies to inhibit venous return

51
Q

function of erection in males

A

to fill with enough pressure to cause and maintain erection

52
Q

function of erection in females

A

to increase sensitivity of vaginal orifice and surrounding tissues; to create swelling of vulva

53
Q

types of perineal fascia

A

superficial and deep

54
Q

types of superficial perineal fascia

A

superficial/fatty
deep/membranous

55
Q

What is the superficial perineal fascia (fatty layer) continuous with anteriorly and posteriorly?

A

anteriorly blends with abdominal camper fascia
posteriorly blends with ischoanal fat and thighs

56
Q

what does the fatty layer of the superficial perineal fascia help form in females?

A

mons pubis and labia majora

57
Q

What is the superficial perineal fascia (deep layer) continuous with?

A

fuses with perineal membrane and deep fascia of thighs
anteriorly, blends with abdominal scarpa fascia

58
Q

what does the deep layer of the superficial perineal fascia blend with in males?

A

dartos fascia

59
Q

What is the deep perineal fascia continuous with?

A

fuses with ischiopubic rami and suspensory ligament of penis/clitoris
forms investing fascia of muscles in superficial perineal pouch
blends with abdominal deep fascia superiorly

60
Q

male contents of superficial perineal pouch

A

root of penis and associated muscles
proximal spongy urethra
superficial transverse perineal muscles
posterior scrotal neurovasculature

61
Q

female contents of superficial perineal pouch

A

clitoris, bulbs of vestibule, and associated muscles
greater vestibular glands
superficial transverse perineal muscles
posterior labial neurovasculature

62
Q

what are the associated muscles contained in both male and female superficial perineal pouches?

A

bulbospongiosus
ischiocavernosus
superficialtransverse perineal muscles

63
Q

male contents of deep perineal pouch

A

intermediate urethra
external urethral sphincter
bulbourethral glands
deep transverse perineal muscles
neurovasculature of the penis and bulb of the penis
anterior part of ischioanal adipose tissue

64
Q

female contents of deep perineal pouch

A

proximal urethra
external urethral sphincter
part of vagina
smooth muscle associated with perineal body
neurovasculature of clitoris and bulb of vestibule
anterior part of ischioanal adipose tissue

65
Q

perineal lacerations etiology

A

often from childbirth

66
Q

function of bulbourethral glands

A

to exude alkaline mucus during sexual arousal for lubrication and to neutralize urine

67
Q

extravasation of urine

A

damage to the urethra leading to ectopic urine collection

68
Q

etiology of extravasation of urine

A

stricture, calculi, trauma

69
Q

rupture of intermediate urethra causes accumulation of what and where?

A

urine/blood travels into deep perineal pouch
can spread extraperitoneally

70
Q

rupture of spongy urethra causes accumulation of what and where?

A

urine/blood travels into superficial perineal pouch
can spread into penis, scrotum, anterior abdominal wall

71
Q

if the female urethra is damaged, the effects would be similar to a rupture of which region of the male urethra?

A

intermediate

72
Q

difference between male and female lymphatic drainage of perinea

A

females have sacral lymph nodes, males do not

73
Q

male lymphatic drainage

A
74
Q

female lymphatic drainage

A

Pelvis, Perineum, + Lower Limb (12 decks)

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