1.1 Flashcards by Kamryn Ordes

Studies the form and structure of the body

Anatomy

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Examines how the body functions

Physiology

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Form and function are _________

Interrelated

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Scientific method refers to a systemic and rigorous process by which students

Examine natural events through observation
Develop a hypothesis for explaining a phenomenon
Experiment and test hypothesis by collecting data
Determine if that data supports the hypothesis or if the hypothesis should be rejected or modified

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Examines structures that cannot be observed by unaided eye

Microscopic anatomy

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Divisions of microscopic anatomy

Cytology

Histology

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The study of body cells and their internal structure

Cytology

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The study of tissues

Histology

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Investigates structures visible to the unaided eye

Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy)

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Studies the anatomy of each body system

Systemic anatomy

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Examines the structures in a body region

Regional anatomy

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Focuses on superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures

Surface anatomy

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Examines anatomical similarities and differences in different species

Comparative anatomy

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Studies developmental changes from conception to birth

Embryology

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Divisions focusing on diagnosis or research

Pathological anatomy

Radiographic anatomy

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Examines macroscopic and microscopic anatomic changes resulting from disease

Pathologic anatomy

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Investigates internal structures visualized by scanning procedures

Radiographic anatomy

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Examines functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

Cardiovascular physiology

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Studies functioning of nerves and nervous system organs

Neurophysiology

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Explores functioning of respiratory organs

Respiratory physiology

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Investigates functioning of reproductive hormones and the reproductive cycle

Reproductive physiology

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Focuses on the function of a body system during disease or injury to the system

Pathophysiology

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Properties common to all organisms

Organization 
Metabolism
Growth and development 
Responsiveness 
Regulation 
Reproduction

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The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body

Metabolism

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Small molecules joined to form larger ones; building up

Anabolism

Large molecules broken down into smaller ones

Catabolism

Ability to sense and react to stimuli

Responsiveness

Ability to maintain body structure and function

Homeostasis

Levels of organization from simplest to most complex

``` Chemical level Cellular level Tissue level Organ level Organ system level Organism level ```

Atoms and molecules

Chemical level

Cells, basic units of life

Cellular level

Similar cells performing common functions

Tissue level

Multiple tissues working together

Organ level

Related organs work together

Organ system level

Organ systems function together

Organism level

Characteristics of anatomic position

``` Upright stance Feet parallel and flat on the floor Upper limps at sides of body Palms face anteriorly Head is level Eyes forward ```

Actual cut or slice that exposes internal anatomy

Section

Imaginary flat surface passing through body; 3 types

Plane

The human body is partitioned into what two main regions

Axial region | Appendicular region

What’s in the axial region

Head, neck, trunk

What’s in the appendicular region?

Upper and lower limbs

Eye

Orbital

Mouth

Oral

Armpit

Axillary

Front of elbow

Antecubital

Elbow

Olecranal

Hand

Manus

Leg

Crural

Calf

Sural

Body cavities are grouped into

Posterior aspect | Ventral cavity

What is the posterior aspect

Completely encased in bone

What is the posterior aspect subdivided into

Cranial cavity is formed by bones of the cranium | Vertebral canal is formed by the bones of the vertebral column

What is the ventral cavity

Larger than posterior cavity Anteriorly placed in the body Does not completely encase organs in bone

What are subdivisions in the ventral cavity

Superior thoracic cavity | Inferior abdominopelvic cavity

What is a significant difference between the posterior aspect and the ventral cavity

Subdivisions of ventral cavity are lined with serious membranes

What are the two layers of serous membranes

Parietal layer | Visceral layer

Lines internal surface of body wall

Parietal layer

Covers external surface of organs

Viscera (visceral layer)

Space between membranes

Serous cavity

Liquid secreted by cells in serous membrane; acts as lubricant and reduces friction caused by movement of organs against body wall

Serous fluid

Median space in the thoracic cavity

Mediastinum

What cavity contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart

Thoracic cavity

Two layered serous membrane

Pericardium

Outer layer, which forms the sac around the heart

Parietal pericardium

Forms the heart’s external surface

Visceral pericardium

Space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid

Pericardial cavity

Two layered serous membrane associated with lungs

Pleura

Outer layer lines internal surface of thoracic wall

Parietal pleura

Inner layer covers external surface of lungs

Visceral pleura

Space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid

Pleural cavity

Two layered serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity

Peritoneum

Outer layer, which lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity

Parietal peritoneum

Inner layer, which covers the external surface of most abdominal and pelvic organs

Visceral peritoneum

Potential space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid

Peritoneal cavity

The ability of an organism to maintain consistent internal environment in response to changing internal or external conditions

Homeostasis

Three components of homeostatic systems

Receptor Control center Effector

Detects the changes in a variable

Receptor

Interprets input from receptor and initiates change through effector

Control center

The structure that brings about changes to alter the stimulus

Effector

Controls most processes in the body; Variable fluctuates within a normal range around a set point; resulting action is in the opposite direction of the stimulus

Negative feedback

Occurs much less frequently than negative feedback; stimulus to continue moving variable in same direction until climatic event occurs then body returns to homeostatic

Positive feedback

Examples of positive feedback

Breastfeeding Blood clotting Labor

What is an example of homeostatic imbalance

Diabetes

1.1 Flashcards

(83 cards)