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Anatomy and Physiology > 1.1 > Flashcards

1.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Studies the form and structure of the body

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

Examines how the body functions

A

Physiology

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3
Q

Form and function are _________

A

Interrelated

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4
Q

Scientific method refers to a systemic and rigorous process by which students

A
  1. Examine natural events through observation
  2. Develop a hypothesis for explaining a phenomenon
  3. Experiment and test hypothesis by collecting data
  4. Determine if that data supports the hypothesis or if the hypothesis should be rejected or modified
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5
Q

Examines structures that cannot be observed by unaided eye

A

Microscopic anatomy

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6
Q

Divisions of microscopic anatomy

A

Cytology

Histology

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7
Q

The study of body cells and their internal structure

A

Cytology

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8
Q

The study of tissues

A

Histology

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9
Q

Investigates structures visible to the unaided eye

A

Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy)

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10
Q

Studies the anatomy of each body system

A

Systemic anatomy

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11
Q

Examines the structures in a body region

A

Regional anatomy

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12
Q

Focuses on superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures

A

Surface anatomy

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13
Q

Examines anatomical similarities and differences in different species

A

Comparative anatomy

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14
Q

Studies developmental changes from conception to birth

A

Embryology

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15
Q

Divisions focusing on diagnosis or research

A

Pathological anatomy

Radiographic anatomy

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16
Q

Examines macroscopic and microscopic anatomic changes resulting from disease

A

Pathologic anatomy

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17
Q

Investigates internal structures visualized by scanning procedures

A

Radiographic anatomy

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18
Q

Examines functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

A

Cardiovascular physiology

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19
Q

Studies functioning of nerves and nervous system organs

A

Neurophysiology

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20
Q

Explores functioning of respiratory organs

A

Respiratory physiology

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21
Q

Investigates functioning of reproductive hormones and the reproductive cycle

A

Reproductive physiology

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22
Q

Focuses on the function of a body system during disease or injury to the system

A

Pathophysiology

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23
Q

Properties common to all organisms

A 
Organization 
Metabolism
Growth and development 
Responsiveness 
Regulation 
Reproduction
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24
Q

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body

A

Metabolism

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25
Q

Small molecules joined to form larger ones; building up

A

Anabolism

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26
Q

Large molecules broken down into smaller ones

A

Catabolism

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27
Q

Ability to sense and react to stimuli

A

Responsiveness

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28
Q

Ability to maintain body structure and function

A

Homeostasis

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29
Q

Levels of organization from simplest to most complex

A 
Chemical level 
Cellular level
Tissue level 
Organ level 
Organ system level 
Organism level
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30
Q

Atoms and molecules

A

Chemical level

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31
Q

Cells, basic units of life

A

Cellular level

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32
Q

Similar cells performing common functions

A

Tissue level

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33
Q

Multiple tissues working together

A

Organ level

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34
Q

Related organs work together

A

Organ system level

35
Q

Organ systems function together

A

Organism level

36
Q

Characteristics of anatomic position

A 
Upright stance 
Feet parallel and flat on the floor 
Upper limps at sides of body 
Palms face anteriorly
Head is level
Eyes forward
37
Q

Actual cut or slice that exposes internal anatomy

A

Section

38
Q

Imaginary flat surface passing through body; 3 types

A

Plane

39
Q

The human body is partitioned into what two main regions

A

Axial region

Appendicular region

40
Q

What’s in the axial region

A

Head, neck, trunk

41
Q

What’s in the appendicular region?

A

Upper and lower limbs

42
Q

Eye

A

Orbital

43
Q

Mouth

A

Oral

44
Q

Armpit

A

Axillary

45
Q

Front of elbow

A

Antecubital

46
Q

Elbow

A

Olecranal

47
Q

Hand

A

Manus

48
Q

Leg

A

Crural

49
Q

Calf

A

Sural

50
Q

Body cavities are grouped into

A

Posterior aspect

Ventral cavity

51
Q

What is the posterior aspect

A

Completely encased in bone

52
Q

What is the posterior aspect subdivided into

A

Cranial cavity is formed by bones of the cranium

Vertebral canal is formed by the bones of the vertebral column

53
Q

What is the ventral cavity

A

Larger than posterior cavity
Anteriorly placed in the body
Does not completely encase organs in bone

54
Q

What are subdivisions in the ventral cavity

A

Superior thoracic cavity

Inferior abdominopelvic cavity

55
Q

What is a significant difference between the posterior aspect and the ventral cavity

A

Subdivisions of ventral cavity are lined with serious membranes

56
Q

What are the two layers of serous membranes

A

Parietal layer

Visceral layer

57
Q

Lines internal surface of body wall

A

Parietal layer

58
Q

Covers external surface of organs

A

Viscera (visceral layer)

59
Q

Space between membranes

A

Serous cavity

60
Q

Liquid secreted by cells in serous membrane; acts as lubricant and reduces friction caused by movement of organs against body wall

A

Serous fluid

61
Q

Median space in the thoracic cavity

A

Mediastinum

62
Q

What cavity contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart

A

Thoracic cavity

63
Q

Two layered serous membrane

A

Pericardium

64
Q

Outer layer, which forms the sac around the heart

A

Parietal pericardium

65
Q

Forms the heart’s external surface

A

Visceral pericardium

66
Q

Space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid

A

Pericardial cavity

67
Q

Two layered serous membrane associated with lungs

A

Pleura

68
Q

Outer layer lines internal surface of thoracic wall

A

Parietal pleura

69
Q

Inner layer covers external surface of lungs

A

Visceral pleura

70
Q

Space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid

A

Pleural cavity

71
Q

Two layered serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity

A

Peritoneum

72
Q

Outer layer, which lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity

A

Parietal peritoneum

73
Q

Inner layer, which covers the external surface of most abdominal and pelvic organs

A

Visceral peritoneum

74
Q

Potential space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid

A

Peritoneal cavity

75
Q

The ability of an organism to maintain consistent internal environment in response to changing internal or external conditions

A

Homeostasis

76
Q

Three components of homeostatic systems

A

Receptor
Control center
Effector

77
Q

Detects the changes in a variable

A

Receptor

78
Q

Interprets input from receptor and initiates change through effector

A

Control center

79
Q

The structure that brings about changes to alter the stimulus

A

Effector

80
Q

Controls most processes in the body; Variable fluctuates within a normal range around a set point; resulting action is in the opposite direction of the stimulus

A

Negative feedback

81
Q

Occurs much less frequently than negative feedback; stimulus to continue moving variable in same direction until climatic event occurs then body returns to homeostatic

A

Positive feedback

82
Q

Examples of positive feedback

A

Breastfeeding
Blood clotting
Labor

83
Q

What is an example of homeostatic imbalance

A

Diabetes

Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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