Exam 1 Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
Define anatomy
A
The study of structure and form
2
Q
Define physiology
A
The study of function of the body parts
3
Q
List the steps of the scientific method
A
Observation
Hypothesis
Experiment
Theory
4
Q
7 characteristics of life
A
- Metabolism
- Excitability
- Conductivity
- Contractility
- Growth
- Differentiation
- Reproduction
5
Q
List the levels of organization in biology
A
Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism Organ system Organs Tissues Cells Cell organelles Macromolecules Molecules Atoms Subatomic particles
6
Q
Define structure
A
The next lower level
7
Q
Define function
A
The next higher level
8
Q
What are the three basic anatomic characteristics
A
Vertebral column
Tube within a tube
Bilaterally symmetrical
9
Q
Ipsilatetal
A
Same side of body
10
Q
Subcavities in the dorsal body
A
Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity
11
Q
Subcavities in the ventral cavity
A
Abdominopelvic
Thoracic
12
Q
What’s in the thoracic cavity
A
Two plural cavities
Mediastinum
13
Q
What organs are in the right hypochondriac region
A
Liver and gallbladder
14
Q
What organs are in the epigastric region
A
Stomach
15
Q
What organs are in the left hypochondriac region
A
Diaphragm
16
Q
What organs are in the right lumbar region
A
Ascending colon
17
Q
What organs are in the umbilical region
A
Transverse colon
18
Q
What organs are in the left lumbar region
A
Descending colon
19
Q
What organs are in the right iliac region
A
Cecum, appendix
20
Q
What organs are in the hypogastric region
A
Urinary bladder
21
Q
What organs are in the left iliac region
A
Initial part of sigmoid colon
22
Q
Define homeostasis
A
The tendency to maintain stability in the internal environment despite exchanges in the external environment
23
Q
Three components of a feedback system
A
Receptor
Moderator
Effector
24
Q
Nerve endings that receive a stimulus
A
Receptor
25
Carry/process the info received (usually a muscle or gland)
Moderators
26
Structures that perform an activity after neural or hormonal stimulation
Effectors
27
What is a negative feedback system
If the stimulus is a positive or negative stimulus, then the response will be opposite or negative to the stimulus
28
Example of a negative feedback system
If you get too cold, your body will shiver until you warm back up
29
What is a positive feedback system?
If the stimulus is a positive stimulus, then the response is the same as the initiating stimulus
30
Positive feedback example
Giving birth or breastfeeding
31
Adaptations to high temperature
Vasodilation, sweating, thick fur and escape behavior
32
Adaptations to low temperature
Vasoconstriction, insulation, escape behavior
33
List the 11 important elements in biology
C HOPKINS CaFe Mg
34
3 main subatomic particles
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
35
What is the atomic number
The number of protons in the nucleus; this number is unique for each element
36
What is the mass number
The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
37
What are isotopes
Atoms of the same element that differ in mass because they contain different numbers of neutrons
38
What are radioactive isotopes
Unstable isotopes that emit alpha, beta, and gamma rays
39
Name the shells around the nucleus and how many electrons fit in each one
The K shell holds 2, the L shell holds 8, the M holds 18 and the N holds 32
40
What does valence mean?
The outermost shell or electrons in the outermost shell
41
3 types of chemical bonds
Ionic
Covalent
Hydrogen
42
The complete transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another
Ionic bond
43
When two atoms or the same element bond together
Nonpolar
44
Electrons are shared unequally
Polar
45
3 inorganic molecules
Water
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
46
3 special physical properties of water
Bound water
Surface tension
Capillarity
47
Water molecules in hydration spheres of ions are essentially immobilized
Bound water
48
The surface of water is not easily broken due to cohesion
Surface tension
49
The tendency of liquids to rise in narrow tubes by binding to hydrophilic surfaces
Capillarity
50
Two reasons water is good at regulating temperature
High heat capacity
| High heat of vaporization
51
Catabolism
Breakdown, which gives off energy
52
Anabolism
Building up
53
List the 5 types of main groups of organic macromolecules
```
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Lipids
ATP
```
54
Building blocks of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
55
Building blocks of proteins
Amino acids
56
Building blocks of nucleic acids
Nucleotides
57
Building blocks of lipids
Glycerol and fatty acids
58
Are lipids nonpolar and hydrophobic
Yes
59
Types of carbohydrates according to their number of units
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
60
Name the reaction type in which building blocks are put together with the release of a water molecule
Dehydration synthesis condensation
61
Name the reaction rule in which large macromolecules are broken down into their smaller building blocks with the utilization of a water molecule
Hydrolysis
62
2 main types of fatty acids
Saturated fatty acids
| Unsaturated fatty acids
63
A chain with no double bonds between carbon bonds
Saturated fatty acids
64
A chain with one or more double bonds
Unsaturated fatty acids
65
What are the dual chemical properties of a phospholipid
The end is a phosphate group that is polar (water soluble, hydrophilic) and long chains of fatty acids are nonpolar (insoluble, hydrophobic)
66
Where might we find phospholipids in the body
Phospholipids form the membrane that make up the outer layer of all human cells.
67
Name the type of structures found in proteins
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure
68
What are some ways proteins can be denatured
High temperature and extreme pH
69
How is a protein denatured
The secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures are destroyed
70
What are the two types of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
71
Three parts that comprise a nucleotide
Sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
72
Name the four nitrogenous bases in DNA
Adenine-thymine
| Cytosine-guanine
73
Name the four nitrogenous bases in RNA
Adenine- cytosine
| Guanine-uracil
74
Compare and contrast DNA and RNA
DNA is usually doubled stranded whereas RNA is usually single stranded. DNA is found in the nucleus of eukaryotes and RNA is found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. DNA has thymine whereas RNA has uracil and they are both sugars
75
What is ATP made up of
Adenine, ribose, and three phosphates
76
Define energy
The capacity to do work
77
Define potential energy
Stored/inactive energy
78
Define kinetic energy
Energy in action
79
Reaction that releases free energy
Exergonic
80
Reaction that required the addition of free energy from an external source
Endergonic
81
What influences the rate of chemical reactions
The effect of heating
Manipulating concentration
Catalyst
Activation energy
82
Name several characteristics of enzymes
1. Most enzymes react with one set of substrates (or occasionally a few closely related ones)
2. Speed up only one reaction of substrate
3. Decreases activation energy
4. Globular proteins
5. Substrate and enzyme fit due to tertiary and quaternary structures
6. Active site of the enzyme
7. Usually end in -ase
83
What are the two hypothesis for enzyme activity
Lock and key hypothesis
| Induced fit hypothesis
84
Name three factors that affect enzymatic activity
Temperature
pH
Presence of chemicals (heavy metals like mercury or lead)
85
Gaining an oxygen atom or losing a hydrogen atom
Oxidation
86
Gaining a hydrogen atom or losing an oxygen atom
Reduction
