Exam 4 Flashcards
(236 cards)
1
Q
What are the functions of the nervous system?
A
Sensory
Integrative
Motor
2
Q
What makes up the central nervous system?
A
Brain and spinal cord
3
Q
How many pairs of cranial nerves do we have?
A
12
4
Q
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
A
31 pairs
5
Q
afferent
A
sensory
6
Q
efferent
A
motor
7
Q
somatic nervous system
A
voluntary
8
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
involuntary
9
Q
which part of your ANS has a fight or flight response
A
sympathetic division
10
Q
Which part of your ANS makes the heart rate and respiratory rate go up?
A
Sympathetic
11
Q
Which part of your ANS causes vasoconstriction
A
sympathetic
12
Q
Which part of your ANS causes the pupils to dilate
A
Sympathtic
13
Q
Which part of your ANS causes your blood pressure to incease
A
Sympathetic
14
Q
Where does your blood go during sympathetic division
A
to the skeletal muscles
15
Q
Which part of your ANS causes the respiratory rate and heart rate to slow
A
parasympathetic
16
Q
where does the blood go during parasympathetic division
A
to digestion
17
Q
Which part of your ANS constricts the pupils
A
parasympathetic
18
Q
Which part of your ANS builds up your body
A
parasympathetic
19
Q
rest and digest, feed or breed
A
parasympathetic
20
Q
Which part of your ANS is dominant to heart
A
parasympatehtic
21
Q
what are the two physiological divisions of the nervous system?
A
ANS and CNS
22
Q
What are the three types of neurons?
A
Bipolar
Unipolar
Multipolar
23
Q
where are bipolar neurons found
A
in the rods and cones of the eyes, they’re the most uncommon
24
Q
cholesterol coating that increases the speed of neural transmission
A
myelin sheath
25
- star cells
- found within the CNS
- star-shaped with many processes
- most abundant and most versatile glial cell of CNS
- form blood-brain barrier along with blood vessels endothelium
- around pia mater
- around neurons
astrocytes
26
- few tree
- found within the CNS
- form myelin sheaths around axons in CNS (myelin --- phospholipids)
- one cell to many axons
oligodendrocytes
27
What are neuroglial cells?
Support and protection, Smaller than neurons, Outnumber neurons 5-10x
28
- small glue
- found within the CNS
- small cells with thorny processes
- from mesoderm
- derived from monocytes (macrophages)
- brain macrophages
microglial cells
29
- upper garment
- found within the CNS
- form a continuous lining for ventricles of brain and central canal of the spinal cord
- may have cilia
- squamous to columnar
- associated with the choroid plexus which forms CSF (cerebral spinous fluid)
ependymal cells
30
Where is CSF produced
in the choroid plexus
31
what connects both hemispheres in the brain
corpus calloseum
32
- found in PNS
- forms myelin sheaths
- one cell to one axon
- if it is myelinated, it is completely wrapping the axon
Schwann cells
33
Surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia
Satellite cells
34
structural and functional units of the nervous system
neurons
35
contains cell organelles such as Nissl bodies (chromatophilic rough ER) and inclusions
Cell Body, Soma, or Perikaryon
36
can a Cell Body, Soma, or Perikaryon do action potentials
they can only do local potentials
37
highly branched, thick extensions of cytoplasm
dendrites
38
single, specialized, long, thin process that conducts impulses away from cell body
axon
| axis cylinder
39
any processes projecting from the cell body; more commonly it refers to an axon and its sheaths.
nerve fiber
40
multilayered, white, phospholipid
myelin sheath
41
neurofibril nodes in between Schwann cells on the axon
nodes of ranvier
42
Examples of neurotransmitters
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
- acetylcholine (excitatory/inhibitory)
- dopamine
- serotonin (inhibitory)
- GABBA (inhibitory)
- Glutamate (found in the hippocampus)
43
which type of neuron are most sensory neurons
unipolar
44
which type of neuron are most neurons in the brain and spinal cord
multipolar
45
bundles of nerve fibers located outside CNS
nerves
46
knot of nerve cell bodies outside of CNS
ganglia
47
bundle of fibers in CNS
tract
48
mass of nerve cell bodies and dendrites in CNS with similar functions (forms the gray matter)
nucleus
49
During the absolute refractory period what channels open
Na+
50
During the relative refractory period what channels open
K+
51
- All myelinated
- largest diameter
- 15-130 m/sec
- primarily skeletal
- large sensory
A fibers
52
- all lightly myelinated
- middle sized diameter
- 3-15 m/sec
B fibers
53
- all unmyelinated
- smallest diameter
- 1 meter a second
C fibers
54
where synaptic end bulbs from a single presynaptic neuron synapses with several postsynaptic neurons
divergence
55
where synaptic end bulbs of several presynaptic neurons synapse with a single postysnaptic neuron
convergence
56
the effect in which the postsynaptic neuron is stimulated (slightly depolarized) so that subsequent stimuli might have an increased chance of generating an impulse
facilitation
57
accumulation of neurotransmitter from several presynaptic end bulbs
spatial summation
58
accumulation of neurotransmitter from a single presynaptic end bulb firing 2 or more times in rapid succession
temporal summation
59
Which neurotransmitter is primarily excitatory and inhibits the vagus nerve
Acetylcholine (ACh)
60
Will most neurons divide
No
61
arrangement of neurons
neuronal pools
62
patterns over which impulses from neuronal pools are conducted
circuits
63
a presynaptic neuron stimulates a single neuron in a pool
simple series circuits
64
What is the CNS composed of?
Brain and spinal cord
65
What is the PNS composed of?
afferent and efferent
66
sympathetic divison
fight or flight
67
parasympathetic divsion
feed or breed, resting/digesting
68
Compare and contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic divison
Sympathetic is known as fight or flight, parasympathetic is feed or breed
69
pupils constrict
parasympathetic
70
pupils dilate
sympathetic
71
CNS
voluntary
72
ANS
Involuntary
73
what are the two divisions of the ANS
parasympathetic and sympathetic
74
name the four types of neuroglial cells found in the CNS
1. Astrocytes
2. Oligodendrocytes
3. MIcroglial cells
4. ependymal cells
75
name the 2 types of neuroglial cells found in the PNS
```
Schwann cells (neurolemmacytes)
satellite cells
```
76
list four characteristics of astrocytes
1. Most abundant/most versatile glial cell in CNS
2. Forms bbb
3. star cells (star shaped with many processes)
4. Found in CNS; around neurons; around pia mater
77
list four characteristics of oligodendrocytes
1. found within the CNS
2. few tree
3. forms myelin sheath around axons
4. one cell to many axons
78
List five characteristics of microglial cells
1. found in cns
2. brain macrophages derived from monocytes
3. from mesoderm origin
4. small glue
5. small cells with thorny processes
79
least abundant glial cell
microglial cell
80
list five characteristics of ependymal cells
1. forms lining of the ventricles
2. many have cilia
3. found in the cns, known as upper garment
4. squamous to columnar in shape
5. associated with the choroid plexus which forms CSF
81
list three characteristics of schwann cells
1. found in the pns
2. forms myelin sheath around axons
3. one schwann cell per one myelinated axon
82
what are the three main parts of a neuron (nerve cell)
cell body
dendrites
axon
83
contains cell organelles, such as nissl bodies (reception area)
cell body
84
highly branched, thick extensions of cytoplasm (reception area) (only local potentials)
dendrites
85
conducts impulse away, outer layer known as axolemma, branches called telodendria
axon
86
any processes projecting from the cell body; more commonly it refers to an axon and its sheaths
nerve fiber
87
a phospholipid protective white layer (multilayered)
myelin sheath
88
what cells make the myelin sheath in the CNS
oligodendrocytes
89
what cells make the myelin sheath in the PNS
schwann cells
90
what are the small spaces called between adajacent myelinating cells?
nodes of ranvier
91
3 types of neurons in the structural classification scheme
unipolar
bipolar (rarest)
multipolar (most abundant)
92
where are unipolar neurons found?
most sensory neurons
93
where are bipolar neurons found?
rods and cones of the retina, inner ear, and olfactory area
94
where are multipolar neurons found?
most neurons in the brain and spinal cord
95
name the three types of neurons in the functional classification scheme
sensory or afferent (usually unipolar)
motor or efferent (multipolar)
interneurons (associating/conducting)
96
Myelinated nerve tissue (axons) (part of CNS)
White matter
97
unmyelinated nerve tissue (cell bodies, dendrites and some axons)
Gray matter
98
Would cold or warm fibers conduct impulses at a faster rate?
warm fibers
99
Would large diameter fibers or small diameter fibers conduct impulses at a faster rate?
large diameter
100
Would unmyelinated or myelinated fibers conduct impulses at a faster rate?
myelinated
101
compare and contrast continous conduction and saltatory conduction. Which is faster?
Continous conduction is very slow vs saltatory conduction is very fast (leaping/jumping). Myelinated neurons move fast
102
What is meant by the all or none principle?
an action potential is all-or none in that it happens or it doesn't. It meets threshold or doesn't
103
Explain the sodium-potassium pump. Does it pump things up (against) or down (with) their respective concentration gradients? Does this require ATP?
The sodium potassium pump maintains a RMP. It pumps 3 Na+ out for a K+ in. It pumps things up the concentration gradient and requires ATP
104
Depolarization
influx of K+
105
repolarization
efflux of K+
106
RMP
sodium potassium pump
107
after potential/hyperpolarization
delay in channels closing
108
relative refractory period
greater than threshold
109
absolute refractory period
no stimulus can be caused
110
hypopolarization
getting closer to 0
111
hyperpolarization
getting farther away from 0
112
local and graded potentials
subthreshold but they can summate
113
Name three locations on a neuron that a presynaptic neuron might synapse
neuron
skeletal muscle
gland
114
compare and contrast EPSP and IPSP. Which causes hyperpolarization and which results in hypopolarizaion?
EPSP causes hypopolarization
| IPSP causes hyperpolarization
115
List several examples of neurotransmitters
Ach
Epinephrine
norepinephrine
dpoamine
116
When is Ach excitatory
Ach is primarily excitatory in muscle contraction
117
When is Ach inhibitory?
when stimulating the vagus nerve
118
what is AChE?
It is the enzyme that breaks down ach into choline and acteic acid
119
are epinephrine and norepinephrine inhibitory or excitatory?
excitatory
120
5 types of neuronal circuits
```
simple series
diverging circuits
converging circuits
reverberating circuits
paralell circuits
```
121
A presynpatic neuron stimulates a single neuron in a pool
simple series circuits
122
single neuron going to several post synaptic neurons
diverging circuits
123
repeating circuits, cycle back to orginal spot
reverberating circuits
124
different pathways that lead to the same endpoint
parallel after discharging circuits
125
name the four main parts of the brain
1. brain stem
2. diencephalon
3. cerebellum
4. cerebrum
126
what are the parts of the brainstem
medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain
127
what are the parts of the diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus
128
3 primary vesicles
Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
129
secondary vesicles under prosencephalon
telencephalon
| diencephalon
130
parts of the brain under the telencephalon
cerebrum/olfactory bulbs
lateral vesicles
some of 3rd ventricle
(cerebrum is 7/8 of the brain)
131
parts of the brain under the diencephalon
third ventricle
thalamus
hypothalamus
132
parts of the brain under the cerebral aqueduct
brain stem
| midbrain
133
secondary vesicles under the mesencephalon
cerebral aqueduct
cerebral peduncles
corpum quadrigemina
red nucleus
134
secondary vesicles under the rhombencephalon
metencephalon
| mylencephalon
135
parts of the brain under the metencephalon
fourth ventricle
pons
cerebellum
136
parts of the brain under the mylencephalon
medulla oblongata
137
list the 5 lobes of the cerebrum
1. frontal
2. temporal
3. parietal
4. occipital
5. insula (not visible on exterior)
138
convolutions or folds
gyri
139
shallow grooves between folds
sulci
140
deep grooves between folds
fissures
141
separates left and right hemispheres
longitudinal fissures
142
what are the meninges
protective covering that goes around the brain and spinal cord
143
list the three layers of the meninges from outermost to innermost
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
144
what are the two subdivisons of the dura mater
periosteal layer
| meningeal layer
145
what structures make the CSF
Choroid plexus and ependymal cells
146
how much CSF is normal?
80-150 mL
147
What is the function of the CSF?
Protects the brain
148
What are the ventricles of the brain?
lateral, 3rd, 4th
149
outline the flow of CSF
Flows into arachnoid villi, drains into the dura venous sinuses
150
what is the circle of willis
blood supply of the brain
151
form from neuroglial cells
brain tumors
152
virus that destroys motor nerve cell bodies
poliomyelitis
153
damaged motor areas during fetal birth
cerebral palsy
154
decreased production of dopamine, changes in substantia nigra
parkingson's disease
155
progressive destruction of the myelin sheaths of neurons in CNS
Multiple sclerosis
156
2nd most common neurological disorder after stroke
epilepsy
157
stroke/most common brain disorder
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA or strokes)
158
difficulty with words
dylexia
159
progressive degenerative disease
alzheimers
160
profound unconsciousness from which one cannot be aroused
coma
161
traumatic injury to brain resulting in temporary loss of consciousness
concussion
162
how long is the spinal cord
16-18 inches in adults
163
where is the cervical enlargemnt
C4-T1
164
Where is the lumbar enlargemnt
T9-T12
165
What is the filum terminale
non-nervous fibrous tissue that connects to the coccyx
166
what is the cauda equina
known as the horse tail where the spinal cord branches out
167
How many spinal nerves are in the cervical region
8
168
How many spinal nerves are in the thoracic region
12
169
How many spinal nerves are in the lumbar region
5
170
How many spinal nerves are in the sacral region
5
171
How many spinal nerves are in the coccygeal region
1
172
list the three layers that make up each cerebral hemisphere
cerebral cortex
white matter
basal nuclei
173
what type of matter is the cerebral cortex composed of?
gray matter
174
where is the cerebral cortex located
cerebrum
175
how thick is the cerebral cortex
2-4 mm
176
the cerebral cortex contains what perecnt of neurons
75%
177
cerebral cortex is composed of _____ layers of nerve cell bodies
6
178
what does the cerebral cortex do?
enables sensation, communication, memory, understanding, and voluntary movements
179
name the three types of fibers that make up the white matter of the cerebrum
association fibers
commisural fibers
projection fibers
180
connect the gyrus to the next gyrus all on one hemisphere
association fibers
181
connect corresponding gray areas (connects two hemispheres)
commisural fibers
182
connects cerebrum with other brain structures
projection fibers
183
what is the basal nucleus (basal ganglia)
gray matter deep within each hemisphere
184
where is the basal nucleus located
cerebrum
185
is the basal nucleus gray or white matter
gray
186
what does the basal nucleus do?
muscular activity, attention and cognition, inhibit antagonistic and unnecessary movement, regulates slow or stereotyped movement
187
what is the limbic system
a wish bone shaped group of structures that encircles the brain stem, emotional aspects
188
what makes up the limbic system
hippocampus, amygdala, olfactroy bulb, hypothalamus, fonnix, rhinecphalon
189
List a few things the limbic system does?
emotions, anger, danger, and fear responses
190
where is the primary somesthetic area (or primary somatosensory cortex) located and what does it do?
in post central gyrus and it localizes sensation
191
What does the somesthetic association area (or somatosensory association cortex) do and where is it located?
located posteior to the somatosenosry cortex; interprets sensation
192
what does the primary visual area do and where is it?
posterior occiptal lobe; receives visual information from retinas
193
what does the visual association area do and where is it located?
surrounds primary visual cortex, relates present and past visual info
194
what does the primary auditory area do and where is it?
superior margin of the temporal lobe; receives basic sounds
195
what does the auditory association area do and where is it?
wernickle's area; interprets sounds
196
what does the primary olfactory area do?
medial aspect of temporal lobe
197
what does the gnostic area or common interpretation area do and where the fuck is it
located in the center of wernickles area; it integrates all the info from the common association areas into a common thought . Found in the left hemisphere
198
Paralysis of a single limb, frequently associated with cerebral palsy
monoplegia
199
affects symmetrical parts of the body (legs or arms)
diplegia
200
paralysis of only the legs
paraplegia
201
affects only one side of the body
hemiplegia
202
affects all four limbs
quadriplegia
203
how many pairs of crnial nerves are there
12
204
how many spinal nerves are there?
31
205
around each neuron
endoneurium
206
around the fasicles
perineurium
207
around the entire nerve
epineurium
208
What are the cranial nerves
```
I. olfactory
II. optic
III. occulomotor
IV trochlear
V trigeminal
VI abducens
VII facial
VIII acoustic
IX glosssopharyngeal
X vagus
XI spinal
XII hypoglossal
```
209
name the connective tissue layers that are found in the nerve
endoneurium
perneurium
epineurium
210
name some of the nonvital reflex centers
```
swallowing
coughing
sneezing
hiccuping
vomitting
```
211
list the 3 vital reflex centers found within the medulla
cardiac center
medullary rhythmicity area// respiratory center
vasomotor center
212
the medualla olblongata and part of the 4th ventricle are found in the
myelencephalon
213
what does the pons do
connecting link between the cerebellum and the rest of the nervous system, breathing rhythms
214
list the 5 functions of the cerebellum
1. maintenance of balance
2. posture
3. muscle tone
4. muscular coordination
5. smooth performance of voluntary movements
215
list 5 or more characteristics of the cerebellum
```
2nd largest part of the brain
parallel ridges called folia
1/8 of brain's nerves
seperated from the cerebrum by the transverse fissure
white matter tracts (arbor vitae)
```
216
the cerebellum, pons, and 4th ventricle are found in the
metencephalon
217
what do the inferior colliculi do
auditory relay center
218
what do the superior colliculi do
visual reflex center
219
where is the tectum
dorsal portion of the midbrain where the corpora quadrigemina is located
220
the corpora quadrigemina are made up of
superior colloculi and inferior colliculi
221
what is the reticular formation (with reticular nuclei and the reticular activating system)
it is an arousal system of the rest of the brain; runs through the thalamus, and brain and medulla
222
list the three main parts of the diencephalons
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus (chorois plexus)
223
list several functions of the thalamus
relay station for impulses coming into the body, integrates sensations and groups f similar sensations together, provides crude awareness of pain, temperature, light touch, and pressure, fillers information
224
inability to speak
aphasia
225
inability to write
agraphia
226
inability to understand spoken words
word deafness
227
inability to understand written words
word blindness
228
in which side of the brain do we find the language areas, such as brocas area, in most people
left hemisphere
229
what does brocas area do?
motor speech area, speech proportion and production
230
what might wernickle's do
interpret what you read or hear
231
regular and rhythmic, low-amplitiude, slow, synchronous waves indicating an idling brain
alpha waves 8-13 hz
232
rhythmic, more irregular waves occuring during awake, sensory input, mentally alert state
beta waves 1430 hz
233
high-amplitude waves seen in deep sleep and when reticular activating system is damped. Normal in an awake infant (not normal in an awake adult or may indicate brain damage)
delta waves 1-4 hz
234
more irregualr than alpha waves, common in children but abnormal in awake adults, also may occur in brain disorders
theta waves 4-7 hz
235
list several functions of the hypothalmus
```
control center for visceral functions in the body
controls and integrates ANS
center for mind over body phenomena
thirst center
regulates food intake
maintains waking state and sleep patterns
pacemaker to many biological rhythms
controls body temp
```
236
- contains blood vessels which supply the brain with food and oxygen
pia mater
