11

Question 1

components of the digestive tract

Answer 1

mouth, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

Question 2

accessory digestive organs

Answer 2

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, biliary ducts, gall bladder, pancreas

Question 3

oral mucosa (oral cavity)

Answer 3

stratified squamous epithelium - nonkeratinized

Question 4

buccal mucosa (cheeks)

Answer 4

suppported by pads of fat and the buccal muscles (help with chewing)

continuous anteriorly with the labial mucosa (lips)

Question 5

sublingual mucosa

Answer 5

inferior to tongue

thin and very vascualrized - rapidly absorb lipid soluble drugs

Question 6

oral cavity proper

Answer 6

contained by the teeth and the pharynx

Question 7

vestibule

Answer 7

space between the cheeks and the teeth

Question 8

functions of the digestive system

Answer 8

ingestion of food through the mouth.
mechanical and chemical processing. 
secretion of digestive juices.
absorbtion of products of digestion across the intestinal epithelium and interstitial fluid. 
elimination of waste products.

Question 9

hard palate

Answer 9

separates the nasal and oral cavities.

is composed of the palatine process of the maxillary bone and the palatine bone.

Question 10

soft palate

Answer 10

separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx

extends posteriorly to the hard palate

Question 11

uvula

Answer 11

dangling process suspended from the posterior margin of the soft palate

Question 12

fauces

Answer 12

arched opening at the back of the oral cavity leading to the oropharynx

Question 13

anterior palatoglossal arch & posterior palatoglossal arch

Answer 13

formed by palatoglossal muscle.

play a role in swallowing.

Question 14

palatine tonsil

Answer 14

play role in fighting infections

found on the lateral walls at the back of the oral cavity

Question 15

tongue

Answer 15

fleshy muscular organ

forms floor of the oral cavity

Question 16

two parts of the tongue

Answer 16

body (oral part): anterior 2/3 of the tongue (part we can see), mobile
root (pharyngeal part): postrior 1/3 of the tongue (can’t see), attached to the hyoid bone

Question 17

lingual frenulum

Answer 17

thin fold of mucous membrane along inferior midline of tongue
connects body of tongue to floor of oral cavity
prevents extreme tongue movements (like swalloing your own tongue)

Question 18

extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Answer 18

originate from bone and insert onto tongue
end by suffix “glossus”
preform all gross movements of the tongue

Question 19

intrinsic muscles of the tongue

Answer 19

originate and insert within the tongue
change shape of the tongue
assist extrinsic muscles during precise movements (speech)

Question 20

all muscles of the tongue are supplied by the:

Answer 20

hypoglossal nerve (XII)

Question 21

genioglossus muscle

Answer 21

extrinsic muscle of the tongue

originates on the mandible and inserts onto the tongue

Question 22

hyoglossus musscle

Answer 22

extrinsic muscle of the tongue

originates on the hyoid bone and inserts onto the tongue

Question 23

styloglossus muscle

Answer 23

extrinsic muscle of the tongue

originates on the styloid process and inserts onto the tongue

Question 24

palatoglossus muscle **

Answer 24

extrinsic muscle of the tongue
originates on the soft palate and inserts onto the tongue
**EXCEPTION - supplied by the vagus nerve (X)

Question 25

lingual papillae (4 types)

Answer 25

epithelial projections on dorsal surface of the tongue 1- filiform papillae (no taste buds, provide friction) 2- fungiform papillae (5 tastebuds each) 3- foliate papillae (many tastebuds) 4- cicumvillate papillae (many tastebuds)

Question 26

taste buds

Answer 26

+/- 3000 distributed on the tongue surface composed of gustatory cells (have microvili (taste hairs) and are modified neuron epithelial cells - behabe like neurons), supporting cells and basal (stem) cells

Question 27

lingual glands (tonsils)

Answer 27

small glands that extend into underlying lamina propria of tongue (found at the back of the tongue) secrete: water, mucins and lingual lipase enxymes (for lipid digestion) serve to prevent infections

Question 28

innervation of the tongue

Answer 28

motor: hypoglossal except for palatoglossus (pharangeal branch of vagus) sensory - anterior 2/3: lingual branch of V3 from trigeminal (V) taste - anterior 2/3: chorda tympani branch of facial (VII) carried by lingual branch sensory and taste - posterior 1/3: glossopharyngeal (IX)

Question 29

functions of the tongue

Answer 29

mechanical processing: compression abrasion and distortion (assists in chewing and prepares material for swallowing) speech sensory analysis - touch temperature and taste receptors secretion of mucins and lingual lipase enzyme

Question 30

minor salivary glands

Answer 30

``` labial buccal glossopalatine palatine lingual ```

Question 31

major salivary glands (names, secretions, type of glands and nervous system innervation)

Answer 31

parotid submandibular sublingual -each produces saliva with different properties -parasympathetic nervous system controls secretion **all = endocrine glands**

Question 32

parotid salivary glands - location - secretions - drainage

Answer 32

- inferior to zygomatic arch (by ear) - serous acini (secreting cells) produce serous secretions - with salivary amylase enzymes (digest carbs) - drained by the parotid (Stenson's) duct

Question 33

sublingual salivary glands - location - secretions - drainage

Answer 33

- located under the tongue (separate structure from the tongue) - mucous acini (secreting cells) produce mucous secretions (buffer and lubricate) - drained by sublingual ducts

Question 34

submandibular salivary glands - location - secretions - drainage

Answer 34

- located in the floor of the mouth within the mandibular groove (lower jaw) - have comination of serous and mucous acini that secrete a mix of serous and mucus secretions - drained by submandibular (Wharton's) duct

Question 35

deciduous teeth (primary dentition)

Answer 35

- 20 total | - 2 incisors, 1 canine (cuspid), 2 molars in each half jaw

Question 36

permanent teeth (secondary dentition)

Answer 36

- 32 total | - 2 incisors, 1 canine (cuspid), 2 premolars (bicuspids), 3 molars in each half jaw

Question 37

eruption times for deciduous teeth

Answer 37

first incisor - 6 months first molar - 12 months all appear by 24 months

Question 38

eruption times for permanent teeth

Answer 38

first incisor and first molar - 6 years second molar - 12 years all anterior to second molar by 12 years third molar (wisdom teeth) - approximately 24 years

Question 39

alveolar processes

Answer 39

thick bony ridges containing the teeth sockets | arise from the maxillae and the mandible

Question 40

periodontal ligament

Answer 40

connective tissue fibres that attach a tooth to the alveolar processes

Question 41

gingiva

Answer 41

(gums) - ridges of oral mucosa that surround the base of each tooth

Question 42

gingival sulcus

Answer 42

area of potential space between a tooth and the surrounding gingival tissue

Question 43

crown

Answer 43

exposed part of the tooth | covered by a layer of enamel

Question 44

root

Answer 44

sits in the alveolus (bony socket) | covered by a layer of cementum

Question 45

neck

Answer 45

area between root and crown

Question 46

enamel

Answer 46

hard, whitish, highly mineralized material that covers the crown

Question 47

dentin

Answer 47

- mineralized matrix similar to bone - is covered by enamel on the crown and the cementum on the root - surrounds the pulp cavity and root canal

Question 48

pulp cavity

Answer 48

receives blood vessels and nerves through the root canal

Question 49

cementum

Answer 49

calcified substance that covers the root of a tooth

Question 50

incisors

Answer 50

blade-shaped at the front of the mouth to clip or cut have a single root

Question 51

canines (cuspids)

Answer 51

conical with a pointed tip to tear have a single root

Question 52

premolars

Answer 52

flat crowns with prominent ridges to crush and grind have one or two roots

Question 53

molars

Answer 53

large flat crowns with predominant ridges to crush and grind have three or more roots

Question 54

mastication

Answer 54

crushing and grinding food by teeth (chewing) - involves opening and closing of the jaws as well as sliding the lower jaw from side to side - performed by muscles of mastication

Question 55

movements of the mandible (chewing)

Answer 55

elevation and depression protraction and retraction medial and lateral movement

Question 56

muscles of mastication (chewing) and nerve innervation

Answer 56

-masseter (strongest) - side of jaw by ear -temporalis (lift mandible) - side of head, above ear -buccinator (moves food around) - side of jaw closer to mouth -pterygoids (medial and lateral) - need sagittal section to see all supplied by the trigeminal nerve (V) except buccinator - facial nerve (VII)