1.1 Atomic structure

Question 1

Bohr model

Answer 1

Consists of protons and neutrons in a nucleus and electrons in shells

Question 2

JJ Thompson

Answer 2

Plum pudding model

Question 3

Ernest Rutherford

Answer 3

Nuclear model

Question 4

Properties of subatomic particles

Answer 4

Relative mass p-1 n-1 e-1/1840
Relative charge p-+1 n-0 e–1

Question 5

Atomic number

Answer 5

Number of protons
Z

Question 6

Mass number

Answer 6

Protons and neutrons
A

Question 7

Cations

Answer 7

Lost electrons
Always paws-ative

Question 8

Anions

Answer 8

Gained electrons
Negative

Question 9

Isotopes

Answer 9

Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

Question 10

Why do isotopes of the same elements have the same chemical properties

Answer 10

They have the same electron configuration

Question 11

Gold sheet experiment

Answer 11

Rutherford fired He2+ ions at a gold sheet
Most particles passed through as mostly empty space, some were deflected
Concluding, atoms are mostly empty space but have a small positive nucleus

Question 12

What does the Bohr model have

Answer 12

Electron shells
Small positive nucleus
Neutrons in nucleus

Question 13

Ionisation energy

Answer 13

The amount of energy it takes to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of atoms in a gaseous state

Question 14

First ionisation of rubidium equation

Answer 14

Rb (g) –> Rb+ (g) + e-

Question 15

Effect of nucleus charge on IE

Answer 15

More protons, stronger electrostatic attraction, more energy needed to remove outer electron
IE across period will increase as more protons

Question 16

Effect of distance from nucleus on IE

Answer 16

Shorter distance, stronger electrostatic attraction, more energy required to remove outer electron
IE down group will decrease as more shells

Question 17

Effect of shielding on IE

Answer 17

more shells, larger distance between outer electron and nucleus, weaker electrostatic attraction, less energy needed to remove outer electron
IE down a group decreases as distance increases as more shells

Question 18

S orbital shape

Answer 18

Spherical

Question 19

P orbital shape

Answer 19

Dumbell

Question 20

Cr - electron config

Answer 20

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5
one electron moves from the 4s orbital to 3d to make it more stable

Question 21

Cu - electron config

Answer 21

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10one electron moves from the 4s orbital to 3d to make it more stable

Question 22

Boron deviation ionisation energy explanation

Answer 22

The first e- removed from Be is 2s subshell
The first e- removed from B is 2p subshell
2s is lower than 2p
Less energy is required to remove the B electron

Question 23

Oxygen deviation ionisation energy explanation

Answer 23

The first e- removed from N is 2p subshell unpaired
The first e- removed from O is 2p subshell paired
Due to electron pair repulsion, less energy is required to remove the electron from O

Question 24

Deviations in period 3

Answer 24

Aluminium and Sulfur

Question 25

Ionisation energy down a group

Answer 25

IE decreases Protons and shielding increases Distance from nucleus increases Electrostatic attraction gets weaker Less energy needed

Question 26

Ionisation energy across a period

Answer 26

IE increases Same shielding More electrons Electrostatic attraction stronger Atomic radius smaller

Question 27

What does mass spectrometry measure

Answer 27

Relative abundance Mass / charge ratio

Question 28

Steps to mass spectrometry

Answer 28

Ionisation Acceleration Ion drift Detection

Question 29

Why are sample particles ionised

Answer 29

So they can be accelerated towards the negative plate and generate a current by the detector

Question 30

How are ions accelerated

Answer 30

Positive ions attracted to negative plate All ions have the same kinetic energy

Question 31

How are ions separated in the flight tube

Answer 31

Small m/z ions travel at higher speeds than ions will large m/z

Question 32

How are ions detected

Answer 32

Ions hit the detector Ion gains an electron Generates a current Size of current is proportional to abundance

Question 33

Electron impact

Answer 33

Sample vaporised High energy electrons are fired at sample from an electron gun One electron is knocked off X (g) --> X+ (g) + e-

Question 34

Electospray

Answer 34

Sample dissolved in volatile solvent Injected through fine, hypodermic needle into a fine mist Positive particles gain a proton X (g) + H+ --> XH+ (g)

Question 35

Ar formula

Answer 35

(Mass x abundance) / total abundance

Question 36

Kinetic energy formula

Answer 36

KE = 1/2 mv2

Question 37

Velocity formula

Answer 37

V=d/t

Question 38

Avogadro constant

Answer 38

6.022 x 10^23 mol