Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

5- Path I > 11- Nutritional Disorders (Final) > Flashcards

11- Nutritional Disorders (Final) Flashcards

1
Q

What does Vita mean

A

Life

referring to the amines of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Vitamin is named by

A

Kazimerz Funk

in December of 1913

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

First Vitamin to be discovered

A

Vitamin A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Vitamin A discovered by

A

Elmer McCollum in 1913

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

2 types of vitamins

A

Water-soluble (Bs, C )

Fat-soluble (A, D, E, K)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Vitamin B1 AKA

A

Thiamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Vitamin B1 function

A
  • Maintains neural membranes and nerve conduction, especially in peripheral nerves
  • Prevents development of cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Most important source of B1 is

A

husks of grains (unpolished grain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which type of grains may lead to B1 deficiency if included in diet

A

Refined grains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who’s in risk of B1/Thiamine deficiency

A
  • Alcoholics
  • 1st trimester of pregnancy
  • Fast-growing teens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Alcohol effect on B1/Thiamine

A
  • Alcohol competes with B1 in neural functions and in biochemical reactions
  • Alcoholics are also more likely to spend their money on alcohol than good nutrition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How pregancy leads to B1/Thiamine deficiency

A

1st trimester of pregnancy → Morning sickness (vomiting > causes the pregnant women to lose the vitamins and nutrition needed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vitamine B1 Deficiency can cause

A

Beriberi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Beriberi discovered by

A

Christiaan Eijkman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Beriberi 3 types:

A

1) Dry Beriberi
2) Wet Beriberi
3) Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff’s psychosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

1) Dry Beriberi targets:

A

nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

1) Dry Beriberi Characterized by

A

Non-specific peripheral polyneuropathy
with myelin degeneration and disruption of all 3
neurological arcs: sensory, motor and reflex arcs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

1) Dry Beriberi Manifestations:

A
  • wrist drop, foot drop, and 1st toe drop
  • Paresthesia, numbness, loss of reflexes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

2) Wet Beriberi targets

A

heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

2) Wet Beriberi Characterized by

A
  • Enlargement of the heart with thinning of the heart (muscle) wall
  • Cardiac failure
  • Peripheral vasodilation
  • Peripheral edema (pitting)
  • Dyspnea and orthopnea – shortness of breath
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name the condition:

Enlargement of the heart with thinning of the heart (muscle) wall

A

flabby myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Wernicke encephalopathy targets

A

mamillary bodies in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Wernicke encephalopathy Characterized by

A

psychological problems:

  • Global confusion
  • Apathy
  • Listlessness
  • Disorientation
  • Ophthalmoplegia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define Ophthalmoplegia

A

paralysis of one or more eye muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Ophthalmoplegia is caused due to a damage of ____ and results in ____

A

CNS

resulting in irregular eye movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

when Wernicke encephalopathy patient is seen with Ophthalmoplegia, Pt is porbably

(Pt condition)

A

close to death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Korsakoff’s psychosis 3 Manifestation

A

Retrograde amnesia (loss of memory of
events after the cause of the amnesia)

Inability to acquire new information

Confabulation – excessive talking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Name the condition:

memory disturbance defined as the production of fabricated distorted or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world without the conscious intention to deceive

A

Confabulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Korsakoff’s psychosis happens due to atrophy of

A

mamillary processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Vitamin B2 AKA

A

Riboflavin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Vitamin B2 – (Riboflavin) Deficiency
is usually seen in people with

(name the condition)

A

ariboflavinosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Define ariboflavinosis

A

chronic debilitating diseases (associated w/ degeneration of tissue)

  • Oncologic diseases
  • Renal diseases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Deficiency Symptoms:

A
  • Cheilosis
  • Glossitis
  • Superficial interstitial keratitis
  • Dermatitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Define Cheilosis

A

(non-inflammatory) – cracks in the corner of the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Cheilosis can lead to

A

infection and become cheilitis - with inflammation (secondary infection)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Define Glossitis

A

inflamed red tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Glossitis may lead to

A

Atrophy of tissue and loss of taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Define Superficial interstitial keratitis

A

hardening of the cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Cornea is avascular and relies on ____ and ____ for nutrients and waste removal

A

intraocular fluid and tears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

how can deficiency in B2 lead to Superficial interstitial keratitis

A

a capillary net forms around and penetrates into the cornea resulting in inflammation and damage to the cornea (ulceration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Ulceration is painful due to ____ (receptor) in the cornea

A

nociceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

damage that happens while the cornea begins to heal

A

fibrosis and loss of vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Define Dermatitis

A

Inflammation seen in the nasolabial folds, behind the ears, and groin (scrotum and vulva)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Vit B2 (does/does not) affect the nervous system

A

Vit B2 does not affect the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Vitamin B3 AKA

A

Niacin

nicotinic acid

nicotinamide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Vitamin B3 Used as a medicine for its ____ ability (nitroglycerine treatment)

A

vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Vitamin B3 – Niacin Can be produced by

A

gut flora from tryptophan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

why B3 – Niacin cannot be absorbed when eating plants

A

In plants B3 is bound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

B3 leads to decreased production of ____ and prevent ____

A

B3 leads to decreased production of lipoproteins (LDLs) and prevent arteriosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Vitamin B3 – Niacin Deficiency results in

A

Pellagra

“pelle agro” = dry skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Vitamin B3 – Niacin Deficiency symptoms (The 4 Ds)

A
  • Dermatitis
  • Diarrhea
  • Dementia
  • Death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Define Dermatitis B3

A
  • develops on skin exposed to sun
  • Casal’s necklace
  • Glove-and-stocking lesions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Define Diarrhea

A

Atrophy/degeneration of epithelial cells of intestinal mucosa with involvement of submucosal layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

define Dementia

A
  • Degeneration of cortical neurons
  • Loss of function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Vitamin B6 AKA

A

pyridoxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

where is Vitamin B6 – pyridoxine found

A

all foods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what can lead to deficiency of Vitamin B6 – pyridoxine

A
  • Thermolabile
  • medications
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Defince Thermolabile

A

a small amount of heat that can destroy B6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what are Some medications compete with B6 in biochemical reactions and may lead to deficiency

A
  • Izoniazid
  • Estrogens
  • penicillamine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Define Izoniazid

A

antituberculosis medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

how can Estrogens effect the body

A

Estrogens (from birth control, or treatment) have hyperplastic activity → promotes replication of cells especially in endometrium, which could lead to cancer (breast and uterine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

D-penicillamine is used for treating

A

Wilson’s disease and systemic sclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Vitamin B6 – pyridoxine deficiency symptoms

A
  • Cheilosis/cheilitis
  • Glossitis
  • Peripheral polyneuropathy
  • Convulsions – especially in infants and children
  • Increased sloughing of epithelial cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Explain the process and the effects of Increased sloughing

A
  • decreased life span, rapid turnover
  • Nidus formation
  • Seborrheic dermatitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Define nidus

A

organic core of urinary stones, in this case a clump
of epithelial cellsfrom inside the bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

define Seborrheic dermatitis

A
  • Dandruff
  • Scaly and greasy squamous epithelial cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Vitamin B12 AKA

A

cyan

cobalamin

extrinsic factor of Castle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

B12 can only be found in _____ food source

A

animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

B12 cannot be absorbed directly, requires assistance via ____

A

proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

When food is eaten, salivary glands secrete

A

R-binder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

R-binder binds to ____ and carries it from the stomach to ____ where they dissociate

A

B12, duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

____ produce and secrete intrinsic factor

A

Stomach parietal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

intrinsic factor secreted by stomach

AKA

A

intrinsic factor of Castle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

In the duodenum, ____ and ____ bind and move to the iluem

A

intrinsic factor and extrinsic factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

in the ileum, ____ factor binds to recptors which allows it to move into the blood circulation where it dissociate with ____ extrinsic factor

A

in the ileum, intrinsic factor binds to recptors which allows it to move into the blood circulation where it dissociate with extrinsic extrinsic factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

what causes B12 deficiency

A

Inadequate dietary intake
surgical removal of stomach or ileum
malnutrition or alcoholism
Celiac disease, Crohn’s disease
intake of some medications (ranitidine, metformin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

in Autoimmune chronic gastritis, mmune system produces

A

parietal canalicular antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

parietal canalicular antibodies destroys:

A

parietal cells in the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Autoimmune chronic gastritis results in no production of ____ which leads to ____

A

Results in no production of intrinsic factor and B12 cannot
be absorbed

80
Q

Blocking antibodies binds to:

A

intrinsic factor

81
Q

Binding antibodies Bind to receptors for intrinsic factor in the

A

ileum

82
Q

B12 deficiency leads to

A 
Pernicious anemia (AKA malignant anemia)
Demyelination
83
Q

describe Pernicious anemia (AKA malignant anemia)

A

A type of megaloblastic anemia
Decreased RBCs, hemoglobin, or both

84
Q

2 types of Pernicious anemia (AKA malignant anemia)

A

vitamin B12 – deficient anemia
folic acid – deficient anemia

85
Q

how can B12 deficiency leads to Pernicious anemia (AKA malignant anemia)

A

Lack of B12 interferes with normal hematopoeisis

86
Q

What can lead to decreased rate of conduction

A

Myelin degeneration

87
Q

Demyelination results in (symptoms)

A

Numbness and tingling in hands and feet

Ataxia

Paraplegia

88
Q

Define Ataxia

A

abnormal gait because of spinocerebellar tract involvement

89
Q

Define Paraplegia

A
  • *subacute** combined degeneration of the
  • *spinal cord**
90
Q

Paraplegia maintly targets ____ (system) and may affect ____ (system)

A
  • *Affects PNS**
  • *May affect CNS** – “megaloblastic madness”, cognitive dysfunction
91
Q

Nervous system changes are (reversible/irreversible)

A

Nervous system changes are irreversible

92
Q

is there a correlation between severity of pernicious anemia and severity of demyelination in B12 deficiency?

A

No

93
Q

Giving folic acid to people with B12 nervous system pathology may

A

exacerbate nervous system problems

94
Q

megalos (Greek) means

A

big, large

95
Q

types of Megaloblastic Anemias

A
  1. vitamin B12 deficient anemia => pernicious anemia
  2. folic acid deficient anemia
96
Q

Megaloblastic Anemias results in

A

big/large blood cells

97
Q

Folic Acid role in Hematopoeisis

A

Folic acid donates carbon for DNA in blood cells

98
Q

B12 role in Hematopoeisis

A

Vitamin B12 activates tetrahydrafolate

99
Q

Hematopoeisis Biochemical pathway

A

o Folic acid is eaten
o Converted to monoglutamate in the blood circulation

o Reductase converts monoglutamate into tetrahydrofolate (active form)

o Tetrahydrofolate donates carbon to DNA in blood cells => tetrahydrofolate is now in its inactive form
o Vitamin B12 converts inactive tetrahydrofolate into active tetrahydrofolate so that it can now donate more carbon

o Cycle from active to inactive continues 10 – 12 times before tetrahydrofolate is discarded
o Reusing materials allows for a higher speed of production (hematopoeisis) rather than using tetrahydrofolate only once

100
Q

Define Blastic blood cells

A

immature, normally found only in the red marrow

in megaloblastic anemia, they appear in the blood

101
Q

define Normoblast

A

normal cells

102
Q

Define Megaloblast

A

mature, large cells

103
Q

Define Macrocytes

A

large cell

104
Q

site of gas/nutrient exchange

A

Capillaries

105
Q

what happens to RBCs while reaching cappliaries in a pt with pernicious anemia?

A

RBCs are too large to fit in the capillaries, they bend

106
Q

normal # of lobes in Neutrophils?

A

2 – 5 lobes

107
Q

Hypersegmented nutrophils has ____ lobes

A

more than 5

108
Q

Define Pancytopenia

A

Total decrease in the number of blood cells

109
Q

Anemia is a decreased in

A

RBCs

110
Q

Leucopenia is decreased

A

WBCs

111
Q

Thrombocytopenia is decreased

A

platelets

112
Q

Can Adding folic acid help in a vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Yes

113
Q

how can Adding folic acid helps in a vitamin B12 deficiency

A

gives the patient carbon to make DNA

tetrahydrofolate can be used once

(B12 recycle)

114
Q

can Adding B12 does not help in a folic acid deficiency?

A

No, there is no tetrahydrofolate to start with

115
Q

Differences between vitamin B12 and folic acid

A

Folic acid deficiency can lead to cheilosis/cheilitis

vitamin B12 effect the nervous system

116
Q

effect of Methotrexate – Leukemia drug

A

Inhibits reductase

interfere with hematopoeisis

prevent cellular replication of cancer cells

Suppressed immune system (low WBCs)

117
Q

Vitamin C AKA

A

Ascorbic Acid

118
Q

Can Vit C produced in the human body?

A

No

119
Q

Found in (food)

A

potatoes, citrus fruit, etc

120
Q

Vitamin C – (Ascorbic Acid) function

A

Hydroxylation of procollagen

Synthesis of collagen peptides

Free-radical scavenger - powerful antioxidant

121
Q

Procollagen is full of

A

proline

122
Q

Proline is hydroxylated by vitamin C to become

A

hydroxyproline

123
Q

hydroxyproline fucntion

A

Makes connective tissues:
Strong
Increased tensile strength

124
Q

Vit C Works with vitamin E to

A

secures cell membranes from disruption

(with selenium)

125
Q

Vit C can Reduces oxidation of

A

LDL

(theoretically decreasing atherosclerosis)

126
Q

vitamin C deficiency AKA

A

Scurvy

127
Q

Scurvy can lead to

A

1) Bleeding diathesis
2) Skeletal changes
3) Wound healing

128
Q

Scurvy can lead to Development of ____ and ____

A

Petchiae (pinpoint) and ecchymosis (widespread)

129
Q

Scurvy can cause Bleeding gums which leads to

A

abnormal development of gums => tooth loss

130
Q

Define Subperiosteal hematomas

A

caused by scurvy

Between periosteum and bone

leads to hemarthrosis, and Secondary osteoarthritis

131
Q

Define Hemarthrosis

A

bleeding into joint space causing iron to destroy articular cartilage

132
Q

Define Retrobulbar hematomas

A

Blood behind eyeball

can cause Increased pressure => vision loss

133
Q

how can scurvy leads to Bowing legs

A

osteoid matrix is weak => provisional
calcification => weak bone

134
Q

in addition to Bleeding diathesis, what can leads to teeth loss

A

Shortened alveoli to hold teeth

135
Q

Define Pigeon chest

A

Protrusion of ribs and sternum

136
Q

Vit C help in repair by

A

fibrosis (of connective tissue)

137
Q

Vitamin A Discovered by

A

McCollum June 1913

138
Q

Vitamin A forms

A

Retinol

Retinal

Retinoic acid

139
Q

define Retinol

A

storage and transport form; 90% stored in the liver

enough for 9 month of supply

140
Q

define Retinal

A

maintains normal vision in dim light

141
Q

Define Retinoic acid

A

determining life span of epithelial cells

142
Q

Vit A Found in (food)

A

orange and red plants such as carrots

143
Q

For Vit A absorption, it needs to be eaten with ___

A

Fat

144
Q

____ are natural precursors for retinal, ex. beta-carotene

A

Carotinoids

145
Q

____ are synthetic/artificial, avoid these (teratogenic affect)

A

Retinoids

146
Q

Retinal Function

A

Maintains normal vision in reduced light

production of visual pigments

147
Q

photoreceptors retinal is involved in:

A

Rods – rhodopsin

cones – iodopsin

148
Q

Retinal deficiency results in

A

Night blindness

149
Q

night blindness, AKA

A

chicken disease/blindness

150
Q

RETINOIC ACID function

A

Potentiation and differentiation of specialized epithelial cells, mainly mucous-secreting cells

normal life span of epithelial cells (ducts of
glands, GI tract, and skin)

151
Q

RETINOIC ACID Deficiency can lead to

A

Xeropthalmia

Xerosis

Squamous metaplasia

Follicular and papullar dermatosis

Pulmonary infection

Nidus formation

152
Q

Define Xeropthalmia

A

dry eye

obstruction of ducts of lacrimal gland

153
Q

How can retonic acid Deficiency leads to Xeropthalmia

A

increased sloughing of cells causing blockage of lacrimal ducts

154
Q

Define BITOT’S SPOTS

A

sloughed epithelial cells of conjunctiva form plaques close to cornea

155
Q

Defince keratomalacia

A

softening damage to the cornea

156
Q

how can Xerosis end up with blindness

A

BITOT’S SPOTS

=> keratomalacia

=> ulceration of cornea

=> blindness via healing mechanisms

157
Q

what can Nidus formation cause?

A

urinary tract obstruction

158
Q

RETINOIC ACID can increase immunity and lower mortality rates to (infections)

A

measles, pneumonia, and infection diarrhea

159
Q

Hypervitaminosis A is ore common and dangerous with (Natural/synthetic) vitamin A use

A

synthetic

160
Q

ACUTE hypervitaminosis A Symptoms

A

similar to a brain tumor or intracranial pressure
(headache, nausea/vomiting, papilledema)

161
Q

What would you do to a patient with ACUTE hypervitaminosis A and High BP

A

Refer Out

162
Q

CHRONIC hypervitaminosis A symptoms

A

Weight loss
Nausea, vomiting
Dryness of mucosa of lips
Bone and joint pain
Hepatomegaly
Hyperostosis

163
Q

Define Hepatomegaly

A

Enlarged liver due to storing excess retinol resulting in mechanical pressure on the hepatocytes
Leads to liver fibrosis

164
Q

Hyperostosis AKA

A

DISH

Forestier’s Disease

165
Q

Define Hyperostosis

A

ssification of the ALL (rarely PLL) causing fusion

166
Q

Vitamin E AKA

A

α-tocopherol

167
Q

What is the collective name of Vit E means

A

4 tocopherols and 4 tocotrienols

168
Q

Vitamin E – (α-tocopherol) function

A

Antioxidants
cell membrane maintenance
protects/repairs damage from free radicals

169
Q

Vit E works as antioxidant with ____ (vitamin) and

A

vitamin C and selenium

170
Q

2 types of cell membranes most susceptible to vitamin E deficiency are

A

RBCs
neurons

171
Q

Explain the nervous system damage due to Vit E Deficiency

A

Degeneration of axons in the posterior columns of SC

  • *Loss** of nerve cells in the DRG
  • *Myelin degeneration** of sensory axons in PNS

Degenerative changes in the spinocerebellar tract

172
Q

Degenerative changes in the spinocerebellar tract can lead to

(Vit E neurological symptoms)

A

Absent tendon reflexes
Ataxia – lose balance
dysarthria
Loss of position and vibration sense
Loss of pain sensation (DRG)

173
Q

Vit E Deficiency does not result in anemia EXCEPT in

A

premature infants

174
Q

Hypervitaminosis E can result in

A

decreased production of clotting factors

175
Q

how does Vit E lead to “decreased production of clotting factors”

A

Decreased coagulative ability of blood due to interference with vit K

176
Q

Vitamin E inhibits

A

atheroma formation in atherosclerosis

177
Q

How can Vit E inhibits atheroma formation in atherosclerosis

A

through reducing oxidation of LDLs

178
Q

Vitamin K

explain the reason behind the letter K

A

Coagulation of blood (German – Koagulation)

179
Q

Vitamin K is produced by

A

gut flora

180
Q

Vit K can be found in (food)

A

Any food, usually animal source

181
Q

Vit K is important in the production of following clotting factors:

A

CF 2 prothrombin
CF 7 proconvertin
CF 9 Christmas Factor
CF 10 Stuart-Prower Factor

(Produced in liver)

182
Q

Vit K is used in productoin of which protein/hormone

A

Osteocalcin

183
Q

Define Osteocalcin

A

hormone that promotes calcification of bones
(indirectly prevents osteoporosis)

184
Q

Vit K Deficiency can lead to

A

Bleeding diathesis

185
Q

Bleeding diathesis (Vit K deficiency) symptoms

A
  • Intracranial hemorrhage
  • Ecchimoses
  • Melena
  • Hematoma
  • Hematurea – due to bleed in kidney
  • Bleeding gums
186
Q

Define Melena

A

black stool

(usually the term is used for any hemorrhage from the GI tract)

187
Q

Define Bleeding diathesis

A

Hemorrhagic disease of newborns

could result in Intracerebral hemorrhage (stroke)

188
Q

Why new newborns are in high rish of Bleeding diathesis (Vit K deficiency)

A

Normal gut flora not yet established

189
Q

How to prevent Bleeding diathesis in new born

A

pregnants 2 – 4 weeks prior to delivery, take a vitamin K supplement

190
Q

Pregnants with which medications are in high risk of having newborns with Bleeding diathesis

A

antituberculosis or anticonvulsants

191
Q

Iron deficiency can lead to

A

Hypochromic microcytic anemia

192
Q

Iodine deficiency can lead to

A

Hypothyroidism
Goite

193
Q

Selenium deficiency can result in

A

Kashan’s Disease

Myopathy, Congestive cardiomyopath

194
Q

Copper deficiency can result in

A

Muscles weakness
hypopigmentation

195
Q

Deficiency of Zinc can lead to

A

Distinctive rash, acrodermatitis enteropathica
o Anorexia, diarrhea
o Growth retardation
o Hypogonadism, infertility
o Impaired wound healing
o Impaired night vision
o Impaired immune function
o Depressed mental function

5- Path I (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions