Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

5- Path I > 2- Cell Injury > Flashcards

2- Cell Injury Flashcards

1
Q

the 3 causes of cell injury

A

deficiency - intoxication - trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Def: Lack of substance(s) necessary to the cell

A

Deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Type of deficiency: - lack of a specific component/nutrient in food/diet

A

Primary Nutrient Deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Examples of Primary Nutrient Deficiency

A

B3 niacin - Vit C - B1 thiamin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

deficiency in that leads to pellagra, inflammation of skin, Cosal’s necklace, facial lesions, dementia (corn/molasses + alcohol diet)

A

B3-niacin Defic - “primary”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Vitamin C deficiency leads to

A

scurvy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

B1 (thiamin) deficiency leads to

A

beriberi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Type of def where component/nutrient in food/diet, but cannot be absorbed

A

Secondary Nutrient Deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency resulting in

A

pernicious anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

B12 must be combined with _____ to be carried into the blood

A

intrinsic factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

B12 function

A

needed for normal RBC production in bone marrow and normal nerve cell metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Def: poisoning, toxins, or substance interfering with cell function

A

Intoxication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Type of intoxication: gets into the body from outside environment

A

Exogenous toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

examples of Exogenous toxins

A

Microbes/infections

Chemicals

Overdose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Type of intoxication: produced inside the body

A

Endogenous toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Types of Endogenous toxins

A

Genetics

Ionizing Radiation

Accumulation of metabolic byproducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

2 types of genetic endogenous toxins

A

Accumulation of a normal metabolite

Activation of an alternate pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Normally, phenylalanine is converted to

A

Tryosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

However, if oxidase is not produced, _____ is not converted

A

homogentisic acid (an intermediate), aka alkapton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Homogentisic acid accumulates and is excreted in ____

A

Urin (looks black)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Homogentisic acid Can also accumulate in specific tissues leading to ____

A

Onchronosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

common site of accumulation of alkapton leading to OA and severe degeneration

A

Cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Alkapton can cause ______ of IVD

A

Calcification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Alkapton deposited in ears leading to

A

ears appear blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Homogentisic acid (alkapton) is an example of

A

Accumulation of a normal metabolite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Nonproduction of the enzyme hydroxylase results in a

A

switch to an alternate pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

switching to an alternate pathway leads to production of

A

(Phenylketonuria)

phenylpyruvic acid

phenyllactic acid

phenylacetic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Phenylketonuria leads to

A

serious mental underdevelopment

low IQ

many can’t walk or talk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Phenylketonuria treatment

A

don’t eat phenylalanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Phenylketonuria is an example of

A

Activation of an alternate pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Type of endogenous toxins:

Could result in the production free radicals that can destroy cell membranes

A

Ionizing Radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Gout aka

A

hyperuricemia

33
Q

2 reasons for gout

A

Decreased kidney function

Increased purine metabolism (diet)

34
Q

3 Major Gout components

A

Gouty arthritis

Soft Tissue Gout

Gouty kidney

35
Q

Gouty arthritis – uric acid crystal build up in ____

A

Joints

36
Q

Gouty arthritis - cells puncture by crystals releasing

A

inflammation-promoting enzymes

37
Q

MC site for Gouty arthritis

A

1st metatarsal (foot)

38
Q

Soft Tissue Gout – uric acid crystal penetrate the

A

bursae of mainly the olecranon

cartilage of proximal forearm and ears

39
Q

Soft Tissue Gout leads to tissue ____

A

bulging

40
Q

Gouty kidney (symptomatic/asymptomatic)

A

asymptomatic

41
Q

Gouty kidney deposits ______of uric acid crystals in the kidney

A

Tophus; Tophi

42
Q

Gouty kidney complication in (time frame)

A

15-20 years later

43
Q

Gout can only be treated by

A

changes in diet

44
Q

Type of cell injury: physical injury; loss of a cell’s normal structural integrity

A

Trauma

45
Q

Types of trauma

A

Direct contact

Hypothermia

Hyperthermia

Mechanical pressure

Microorganisms

46
Q

type of trauma:

destruction of some cells mechanically ex car accident, fight

A

Direct contact

47
Q

Direct contact results in

A

hemorrhage

hematoma

battle sign (basal skull fracture)

raccoon eyes

48
Q

type of trauma:

exposure to extreme low temperature

A

Hypothermia

49
Q

Hypothermia results in

A

Frostbite

50
Q

Define frostbite

A

freezing/crystallization of cytoplasmic fluid, causing expansion and destruction of cells and tissues

51
Q

frostbite makes skin turns ____

A

black (necrosis) - irreversible

52
Q

type of trauma:

exposure to extreme high temperature

A

Hyperthermia

53
Q

Hyperthermia can happen due to

A

fire

radiation

electric current

54
Q

Ionizing radiation can be classified under both _____ and _____

A

Endogenous toxin and Trauma

55
Q

What happens to the body at temperatures > 42 °C

A

protein coagulation occurs, transformation to carbon

56
Q

type of trauma:

cells are crushed as they cannot resist the pressure

A

Mechanical pressure – “pressure atrophy”,

57
Q

Examples of Mechanical pressure

A

Aneurysm

High intensity sound

Kidney stones

Tumor

58
Q

Tumor results in compression of surrounding structures, causing

A

destruction or decreased function

59
Q

what occupy tight spaces within the kidney, gallbladder, etc causing distruction?

A

Stones

60
Q

Stones can lead to

A

Obstruction of urine flow, increasing physical and osmotic pressure, resulting in loss of normal function

61
Q

Def: pouching of an arterial wall, can rupture causing instant death

A

Aneurysm

62
Q

Cerebral vessels aneurysm – most common occurrence, at their _____

A

bifurcation

63
Q

Aneurysm leads to ______ after vessels rupture

A

subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke

64
Q

Aneurysm May be due to

A

underdevelopment of middle arterial layer congenital weak muscular layers of arteries

65
Q

cause damage of the sensory receptors of the inner ear, with a permanent loss of hearing

A

High Intensity Sound (Low frequency)

66
Q

an cause psychological issues

A

High Intensity Sound (Low frequency)

67
Q

what causes malaria (agent)

A

Plasmodium (protozoa)

68
Q

Plasmodium malaria (protozoa), carried by

A

anopheles mosquito

69
Q

Plasmodium malaria enter RBC’s leading to rupturing RBC’s within ____ (time)

A

2-4 days

70
Q

Malaria’s symptoms:

A

mass destruction of RBC’s

hemolytic anemia

fever

shaking

71
Q

Syphilis is caused by (agent)

A

Treponema pallidum

72
Q

Syphilis symptoms

A

high fever, which combats P. malaria

73
Q

Echinococcus disease aka

A

Hydatid disease

74
Q

Echinococcus disease (Hydatid disease) is caused by (agent)

A

tapeworm parasite

75
Q

tapeworm enters the body by

A

eat infected meat (pork) with the worm’s egg

76
Q

tapeworm body looks like

A

balloon/cyst

77
Q

tapeworm form cysts resulting in

A

pressure atrophy and organ rupture

78
Q

Echinococcus most common sites (organs)

A

brain and live

79
Q
A

5- Path I (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions