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5- Path I > 3- Changes in the Cell > Flashcards

3- Changes in the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

The 3 type of cell changes

A

Functional reversible
Structural reversible
Structural irreversibl

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2
Q

Consequences of cell injury

A

morphological (structure) damage and functional damage, either causing the other

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3
Q

Types of functional reversible

A

Cell & Tissue Accumulation
Adaptive Responses to Cell Changes

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4
Q

Types of functional reversible - Cell & Tissue Accumulation

A

Hydropic changes
Fatty Changes
Residual bodies
Hyaline changes

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5
Q

Hydropic changes aka

A

hydropic degeneration, cloudy swelling

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6
Q

Hydropic changes causes a functional inability to produce

A

ATP
(mitochondrial damage)

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7
Q

For the sodium to move out it requites ___

A

ATP

(for the Na/K pump)

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8
Q

Na+ ions cannot be pumped out of the cell which increases _____

A

cellular osmotic pressure

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9
Q

To balance the osmotic pressure

A

Water moves in

(causing cell swelling)

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10
Q

As the convoluted tubules cells swell, the lumen size ______

A

decrease

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11
Q

Define Poiseuille’s Law

A

The amount of fluid that flows through the opening (lumen) is proportional to the pressure difference at each end to the 4th power of the radius

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12
Q

If lumen is decreased by 2 flow amount is

A

decreased by the power of 4

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13
Q

Compress glomerular cells leads to

A

metabolite accumulation in the blood

kidney failure

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14
Q

Fatty Changes aka

A

Steatosis

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15
Q

Def: Fatty Changes

A

accumulation of triacylglycerids (fatty acids) in parenchymal cells

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16
Q

Fatty Changes effect on cells

A

compress the cell contents moving them to the periphery of the cell

reducing function
can cause cell rupture

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17
Q

Fatty changes most common sites

A

Liver (classic)

Kidney

Heart

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18
Q

Fatty changes causes

A

Protein malnutrition
Intoxication
Cardiac anoxia
Obesity
Diabetes mellitus

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19
Q

Define Anoxia

A

lack of Oxygen to drive reactions for lipoprotein synthesis

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20
Q

Hepatocytes produce lipoproteins using

A

Free FA

AA

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21
Q

Over consumption of alcohol damages hepatocytes leading to

A

accumulation of FA’s and swelling of cells

(liver fibrosis)

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22
Q

Not enough amino acid in diet can lead to

A

FAs accumulate in the liver

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23
Q

long term of fatty changes in hepatocytes can result in

A

liver failure

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24
Q

define Residual bodies

A

scar/fragment of cell damage

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25
Q

Intracellular accumulation of residual bodies is related to the cell’s capacity to cope with

A

threatening bacteria
damaged organelles

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26
Q

Residual bodies mostly target

A

liver

kidney

nervous tissue

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27
Q

most common residual body, parts of subcellular membranes which are indigestible, pigment of aging, “brown atrophy

A

Lipofuscin granules

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28
Q

Lipofuscin granules aka

A

Lipochrome granules

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29
Q

Hyaline changes aka

A

Hyalinization

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30
Q

Hyaline changes types

A

Intracellular (reversible)
Intercellular (structural irreversible)

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31
Q

Intracellular hyaline changes subtypes

A

Reabsorption droplets
Mallory alcoholic hyaline
Russell bodies
Dutcher bodies

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32
Q

Reabsorption droplets happens in

A

renal proximal tubules

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33
Q

Def: Abnormal protein loss in the urine that the tubules attempt to reabsorb

A

proteinuria

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34
Q

Nephritic syndrome

A

minimal change disease

protein is deposited within the cells of the distal convoluted tubules

once excess protein excretion stops, the cells will release the deposited protein (reversible)

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35
Q

Mallory Alcoholic Hyaline aka

A

Mallory bodies

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36
Q

Mallory bodies are found within

A

hepatocytes

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37
Q

Mallory bodies result from

A

excsessive drinking

(reversable)

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38
Q

Russell bodies are found in

A

cytoplasm of plamsa cells

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39
Q

Russell bodies are seen in patients with

A

Multiple myeloma

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40
Q

Define Multiple myeloma

A

malignant condition; uncontrolled proliferation and disorder function of plasma cells in bone marrow

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41
Q

Intranuclear (nucleus) accumulation of proteins are called

A

Dutcher bodies

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42
Q

Waldenström Macroglobulinemia
aka’s

A

Hyperviscosity syndrome
Lymphoplasmocytic lymphoma

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43
Q

Define Waldenström Macroglobulinemia

A

A type of lymphoma due to a monoclonal tumor

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44
Q

Define monoclonal tumor

A

cancer of B lymphocytes resulting in overproduction of IgM

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45
Q

Increased IgM production leads to

A

increased thickness of blood

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46
Q

whay kind of bodies are commonly seen in monoclonal tumor

A

Russell bodies

Dutcher bodies

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47
Q

Hyline Intercellular changes are (reversible/irreversible)

A

irreversible

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48
Q

hardening of the arterioles due to hyaline (protein) accumulation is called

A

Hyaline arteriosclerosis

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49
Q

Hyaline arteriosclerosis causes

A

arterioles to become brittle and/or obstruction of lumen occurs

(can lead to obliteration)

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50
Q

Within the brain, Hyaline arteriosclerosis can lead to

A

Lacunar infarction
Parenchymal (intracerebral) Hemorrhagic stroke

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51
Q

Lacunar infarction includes

A

thalamus

putamen

globus pallidus

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52
Q

Define Parenchymal (intracerebral) Hemorrhagic stroke

A

rupture of hardened arterioles, cases of hypertension

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53
Q

a generic term for a variety of proteinaceous materials that are abnormally deposited in tissue interstitium in a spectrum of clinical disorders, mainly autoimmune

A

Amyloid

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54
Q

Name of “diseses” caused by amyloid

A

Amyloidosis

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55
Q

Amyloidosis leads to death within

A

1-2 years

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56
Q

primary reason of Amyloidosis

A

idiopathic

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57
Q

amyliod deposits are found between

A

cells in the interstitial fluid of the brain, liver,
kidney, and skin

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58
Q

Kidney amyloidosis characterized by

A

extreme proteinuria

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59
Q

list the Adaptive Responses to Cell Changes (Functional reversible)

A

Alternative metabolism
Altered Size
Inadequate Neurological Stimulus
Inadequate Hormonal Stimulus

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60
Q

Cells use of alternative pathways in order to obtain ____

A

ATP

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61
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation produce ____ ATP

A

32

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62
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis produces ____ ATP

A

2

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63
Q

Altered Size devided into:

(Functional reversible/Adaptive Responses/altered size)

A

Hypertrophy
Atrophy

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64
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

organ or cell enlargement due to increased demands

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65
Q

in Muscle hypertrophy, does the cells replicate or enlarge?

A

Enlarge

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66
Q

What causes left ventricular hypertrophy

A

increases the demand on the heart and arterial system

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67
Q

normal ratio left to right ventricle is

A

Left 2:1 right

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68
Q

Define atrophy

A

shrinkage due to decreased demand

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69
Q

2 types of atrophy are

A

disuse atrophy

pressure atrophy

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70
Q

Def: loss of bone mass, is one form of disuse atrophy

(not a primary cause)

A

Osteoporosis

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71
Q

Osteoporosis is caused by

A

disuse but also commonly due to hormonal changes

sexual changes (decreased androgens)

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72
Q

Osteoperosis Major locations are

A

primary bones

(ribs, vertebral bodies, neck of femur, wrist bones)

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73
Q

Osteoperosis can result in

A

Bone fractures (rib, fumer …)

Vertebral body compression

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74
Q

Most vurnable popluation to osteperosis are

A

Caucasian Blonde women

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75
Q

Least vurnable popluation to osteperosis are

A

African American women

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76
Q

almost all of our bone mass is accumulated before the age of

A

25 - 30

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77
Q

normal rate of bone loss is

A

0.7% per year

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78
Q

Why obese people have lower changes of getting osteoporosis?

A

fat accumulates estrogens and can continue to release it post menopause
increased weight bearing

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79
Q

Type of atrophy results from Cells/Tissue compresstion or blood supply is compressed

A

pressure atrophy

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80
Q

Poliomyelitis is an example of

(what type of changes)

A

Inadequate Neurological Stimulus

Functional reversible/Adaptive Responses to Cell Changes/Inadequate stimulus

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81
Q

Define Poliomyelitis

A

Viral (contagious) loss of neuronal stimulus to muscles

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82
Q

where does the neuron damage happens in poliomeylitis?

A

anterior horn of spinal cord (motor)

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83
Q

Poliomylites leads to

A

Decreased motor function due to atrophy of skeletal muscles

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84
Q

The only way to prevent Poliomyelitis is by

A

polio vaccine

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85
Q

2 examples of Inadequate Hormonal Stimulus

A

Hoshimoto’s Thyroiditis
Grave’s Disease

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86
Q

Hoshimoto’s Thyroiditis
ultra-antibodies attach to ______

A

TSH Receptors

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87
Q

Hoshimoto’s Thyroiditis

Attachment of ABs to recpetors will prevent

A

TSH from the anterior pituitary to bind

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88
Q

Hoshimoto’s Thyroiditis

What resutls from the bockage of TSH receptors

A

Thyroid gland atrophy

stops production of thyroid hormone

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89
Q

Most common cause of Hypothyroidism in the US

A

Hoshimoto’s Thyroiditis

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90
Q

First autoimmune disease discovered, in 1913 is:

A

Hoshimoto’s Thyroiditis

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91
Q

The main cause of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

A

Autoimmune, idiopathic

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92
Q

how graves disease is different than Hashimoto’s

A

Antibodies bind to TSH receptors and mimic TSH

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93
Q

Graves disease results in

A

excess production of thyroid hormone

(Hyperthyroidism)

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94
Q

Graves disease

What happens to thyroid cells after increasing their function

A

become hypertrophies

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95
Q

Graves disease

Female to male ratio

A

Female 2 : 1 Male

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96
Q

Graves is Characterized by

A

goiter
exophthalmos

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97
Q

Define exophthalmos

A

bulging of the eye

98
Q

A category of cell chages:

cell is damaged and the nuclear envelope is intact the cell can survive

A

Structural reversible

99
Q

4 examples of Structural reversible

A

Loss of Ribosomes
Mitochondria swell
Blebs
Myelin figures

100
Q

Define belbs:

A

pouching of the cell membrane (bulge of cytoplasm)

101
Q

how many belbs can a cell has before it become irreversible?

A

1-2 belbs reversible

102
Q

Myelin figures is due to

A

dissection of the cell membrane

103
Q

How many myelin figures can the cell handel?

A

1 – 2 is reversible

104
Q

List the Structural irreversible changes

A

Nucleus changes
Necrosis
Apoptosis
Pigment Accumulation

105
Q

List the the types of Nucleus Changes

(Irrevesible changes/ nucleus changes)

A

Karyolysis
Pkynosis
Karyorrhexis

106
Q

Define Karyolysis

A

dissolution of the nucleus

107
Q

Define Pkynosis

A

condensation of the nucleus

108
Q

Define Karyorrhexis

A

fragmentation of the nucleus

109
Q

List the typs of necrosis

A

Coagulative necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis
Casseous necrosis
Gummatous necrosis
Zenker’s necrosis
Fat necrosis
Fibrinoid necrosis
Gangrene

110
Q

Define Necrosis

A

Death of cells or tissues through injury or disease; especially in a localized area of the
body

(Condition of cell death)

111
Q

Necrotic tissue is normally digested by

A

cell lysosome enzymes
with some phagocytosis

112
Q

Def: Type of necrosis that implies the preservation of the basic outline of the coagulated cells for a span of at least some days, allowing the body to attempt to heal

A

Coagulative necrosis

113
Q

Coagulative necrosis is characterized by

A

size, shape, and strength are preserved
denaturation of cytoplasmic proteins
breakdown of cell organelles
cell swelling

114
Q

an example of coagulative necrosis is

A

Myocardial Infarction

115
Q

Myocardial Infarction is Ischemia results in

A

coagulative necrosis

heart undergoes fibrosis to heal dead tissue

116
Q

Define Infarction

A

death of an area of tissue caused by ischema (lack of blood supply)

117
Q

List the 2 types of infracts

A

White

Red

118
Q

White infarct: develops in tissue with _____ bloody supply

(number of blood supplies)

A

one

119
Q

Example of white infract

A

heart

spleen

120
Q

Red Infarct: develops in tissue with _____ blood supply

(number of blood supplies)

A

2 or more

121
Q

Examples of Red Infarct

A

lung (hemorrhagic lung infarction)

Liver

Intestine

122
Q

Type of necrosis: complete digestion of dead cells, resulting in the transformation of these tissues
into a liquid viscous mass

A

Liquefaction necrosis

123
Q

Liquefaction necrosis can occor more often in

(which system)

A

CNS

124
Q

an example of Liquefaction necrosis is

A

Ischemic stroke (infarction)

125
Q

in Ischemic stroke (infarction)
for brain to remove necrotic tissue it takes

A

about 6 month

126
Q

Ischemic stroke (infarction) results in

A

Holes in the brain, filled with CSF and white
colored tissue

127
Q

Type of necrosis that looks like cheese/curds-like

A

Casseous necrosi

128
Q

in casseous necrosis, Amorphous granular debris seemingly composed of

A

fragmented cells

coagulated cells

129
Q

in casseous necrosis morphous granular debris enclosed within

A

a distinctive inflammatory border

130
Q

a distinctive inflammatory border aka

A

granulomatous reaction

131
Q

2 examples of casseous necrosis

A

Tuberculosis
Leprosy

132
Q

Tuberculosis is a respiratory infection caused by

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

133
Q

how does TB effect the lungs

A

massive melting of lung tissue, destroying blood vessels

134
Q

TB destruction in lungs leads to

(#1 cause of death in TB)

A

perfuse hemorrhage

135
Q

Define Leprosy

A

chronic bacterial infection causing nerve damage; contagious disease

136
Q

Gummatous necrosis occurs only in

(what disease)

A

Syphillis (3°)

137
Q

Syphillis (3°) is caused by

A

Treponema pallidum

138
Q

Syphillis (3°) develops in

(what part of the nervous system)

A
  • *Posterior columns** of spinal cord
  • *Posterior horns** of spinal cord
139
Q

Def: term for the involvement of the spinal cord in 3° syphilis

A

Tabes dorsalis

140
Q

White/Gray matter of the brain atrophy; neurological dysfunction ensues causing

A

general paresis

(general paresis of insane)

141
Q

List the most common necrosis that are associated with syphilis in order

A

1) Gummatous
2) Liquefaction
3) Casseous

142
Q

General paresis Occurs in the ____ matter of the brain

A

Gray

143
Q

General paresis leads to

A

dementia

144
Q

Type of necrosis:

Severe glassy or waxy necrosis of skeletal muscles in acute infectious diseases

A

Zenker’s necrosis

145
Q

Zenker’s necrosis is common in

(what disease)

A

Typhoid, Cholera
or

extreme muscle trauma; animal bite

146
Q

Name the disease:

dangerous gastrointestinal disease, usually acquired from contaminated hands or contaminated H2O (3rd most contagious disease)

A

Typhoid

147
Q

Fat necrosis aka

A

Steatonecrosis

148
Q

Fat (Steatonecrosis) necrosis is Characteristized by the formation of

A

calcium soaps

149
Q

calcium soaps are produced when fat is

A

hydrolyzed into glycerol and fatty acids

150
Q

Example of Fat (Steatonecrosis) necrosis

A

Pancreonecrosis

151
Q

Define Pancreonecrosis

A

gallbladder stone blocks bile duct; obstruction leads to degradation of pancreas

152
Q

prognosis of Pancreatonecrosis

A

death

153
Q

type of necrosis:

occurs in the walls of blood vessels when endothelial and smooth muscle cells are injured and dying

A

Fibrinoid necrosis

154
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis develops in

A

immune mediated diseases

or

immunopatholgies

155
Q

Example on Fibrinoid necrosis

A

Aschoff’s node

156
Q

Define Aschoff’s node

A

necrosis within the heart muscle, seen in Rheumatic
myocarditis

157
Q

Type of necrosis

Is a serious and potentially life threatening condition that arises when a considerable mass of body tissue dies

A

Gangrene (gangrenous necrosis)

158
Q

Gangrene (gangrenous necrosis) is a form of _____ necrosis

A

coagulative

159
Q

Gangrene (gangrenous necrosis) characterized by the presence of

A

noxious products of anaerobic bacterial metabolism

160
Q

List the 3 types of Gangrene (gangrenous necrosis)

A

Dry

Wet

Gas

161
Q

Def: a type of gangarene where coagulation is sustained; similar to coagulative necrosis

A

Dry Gangrene

162
Q

Dry Gangrene Can occur due to

A

Ischemia – lack of blood supply
Atherosclerosis – narrowing or obliterated blood vessels
Diabetes mellitus – diabetic micro-angiopathy

163
Q

Dry Gangrene is seen in

A

Systemic sclerosis (a.k.a. Scleroderma)
Buerger’s disease (a.k.a. thromboangiitis obliterans)
Diabetes mellitus

164
Q

what leads to Dry Gangrene in Systemic sclerosis (a.k.a. Scleroderma)

A

overproduction of collagen at the distal finger tips, obliterating distal blood vessels

165
Q

what leads to Dry Gangrene in Buerger’s disease (a.k.a. thromboangiitis obliterans)

A

vasculitis of the arteries and veins, often occurs in smoker

166
Q

Diabetes mellitus aka

A

diabetic microangiopathy

167
Q

Dry gangarene is seen in Pt with iabetes mellitus in

(what body parts)

A

etremities

kidneys

eyes

168
Q

Def: type of gangrene occurs if the enzymes of invading phagocytic cells break down the necrotic debris and produce some liquefaction

A

Wet gangrene

169
Q

Example of Wet Gangrene

A

Intestinal necrosis
Polyarteritis nodosa
Bed sores

170
Q

Def: pressure of the tissue causing decreased blood flow to the areas resulting in cell death is called

A

Bed sores

171
Q

In Wet Gangrene the blockage of blood flow is more often

(what type of vessels)

A

venous

172
Q

what kind of bacteria can lead to wet gangrene

A

Anaerobic:

Clostridium perfringes and Bascillus fusiformis

173
Q

Def: traditional gangrene, anaerobic bacteria in
wounds, obstruction of blood supply or herniation

A

Intestinal necrosis
(wet gangrene)

174
Q

systemic vasculitis of fingers; naked bones

A

Polyarteritis nodosa
(wet gangrene)

175
Q

Type of gangrene

bacterial infection that produces gas within the tissues

A

Gas Gangrene

176
Q

what type of bacteria that can cause gas gangrene

A

Anaerobic streptococci

Clostridium perfringes

177
Q

Def: Strangulation of stomach or intestines can result in gangrene

A

hernia

178
Q

Apoptosis is a Greek word means

A

falling off

179
Q

Apoptosis is pathway of cell death that is induced by

A

tightly regulated intracellular programming

180
Q

in Apoptosis cells destined to die activate enzymes that degrade

A

the cells own DNA, nuclear, and cytoplasmic proteins

181
Q

list Normal conditions of apoptosis

A

The programmed destruction of cells during embryogenesis
Hormone-dependent involution in adults => menstruation
Cell death induced by cytotoxic T-cells, ex. to combat virus infected or cancerous cells

182
Q

list pathological conditions of apoptosis

A

Cell injury in certain viral diseases
Pathologic atrophy in parenchymal organs after duct obstruction

183
Q

2 types of Cell Accumulation

A

Exogenous
Endogenous

184
Q

2 kinde of exogenous pigments (cell accumulation)

A

Carbon (coal)

Tattooing

185
Q

which kind of exogenous pigments is more common?

A

Carbon (coal)

186
Q

examples of Carbon (coal) - Exogenous accumulation

A

Anthracosis

Coal-worker pneumoconiosis

187
Q

Anthracosis This is a term used to

A

describe a condition, not a condition itself

(Deposition and accumulation of carbon in the tissues)

188
Q

pathology of the lungs caused by scarring (fibrosis) after inhaling some particle is called

A

Pneumoconiosis

189
Q

what’s the risk factors in tattoing?

A

possible Allergic reactionsr, causing a bubbling of the skin

contaminated needle

190
Q

List the types of endogenous pigments

A

Lipofuscin

Melanin

Homogentisic acid

Hemosiderin

Copper

Calcium

191
Q

Lipofuscin (Lipochrome) aka

A

Wear & Tear

or

Brown atrophy

192
Q

Lipofuscin (Lipochrome) a.k.a. Wear & Tear or Brown atrophy

Represents complexes of:

A

protein and lipid derived

193
Q

protein and lipid complexes are derived from

A

free-radical peroxidation of polyunsaturated fats of subcellular membranes

194
Q

Lipofuscin (Lipochrome) Occurs due to

A

aging or tissue atrophy from injury

195
Q

Lipofuscin pigments color:

A

Brown-yellowish color

196
Q

Lipofuscin risk factors

A

None

Not dangerous within the body

197
Q

Melanin – produced by

A

melanocytes

198
Q

Melanin protect the skin from

A

UV radiation

199
Q

examples of Homogentisic acid

A

alkaptonuria

Onchronosis

200
Q

in Homogentisic acid/alkaptonuria, urine turns

A

urine turns black when exposed to air for ~ 30 min.

201
Q

Hemosiderin is Accumulation in tissues where there is local or systemic excess of ____

A

iron

202
Q

Hemosiderin represents large aggregates of

A

ferritin micelles

(harmless)

203
Q

ferritin (protein) micelles are found in

A

spleen

pancreas

RBCs

Pituitary, thyroid, sex glands

liver

204
Q

Hemosiderosis – associated with a local excess (systemic overload) of

A

hemosiderin accumulation in organs and tissue

205
Q

Hemosiderosis effect on pigments and tissue function

A

can change the pigment of but function is not affected

206
Q

examples of Hemosiderosis

A

Bruising/ Hematoma – has various amounts of iron accumulation

o Hemolytic anemia

o Blood transfusion reaction – hemolysis due to blood type issues

207
Q

Normal amount of iron in the body is

A

2-5 grams

208
Q

Normal amount of iron in the liver is

A

1g

209
Q

The body can handle ____ of iron with no clinical manifestation

A

< 20g

210
Q

> 20 to 50g of iron can lead to tissue damage called

A

Hemochromatosis

211
Q

Primary hemochromatosis (Genetic) male to female ratio

A

male 7:1 female

212
Q

Primary hemochromatosis (Genetic) is an increase in iron absorption from

A

GI tract

213
Q

Primary hemochromatosis (Genetic) leads to

A

Liver cirrhosis – occurs due to stimulation of CT formation by iron

Pancreas damage - killing of islets (insulin pd(x)), resulting in diabetes

DNA damage – cause neoplasms, hepatoma (liver cancer)

214
Q

an acquired systemic iron overload is called

A

Secondary Hemochromatosis

215
Q

Secondary Hemochromatosis aka

A

transfusion reaction

216
Q

Secondary Hemochromatosis main cause

A

Bantu siderosis

(alcoholic beverage in steel barrels)

217
Q

Accumulation of Copper (Cu) in the body leads to

A

Wilson’s Disease

218
Q

Wilson’s Disease etiology

A

genetic

219
Q

is Wilson’s Disease more common in males or females?

A

males

220
Q

Normal pathway of copper excretion

A

Copper is absorbed

travels to the liver

binds to α2-globulin forming ceruloplasmin

enters the blood

returns to the liver

Copper and α2-globulin disassociate

copper secreted into bile

221
Q

With Wilson’s the ceruloplasmin is

A

unable to leave the live

222
Q

Wilson’s Disease symptoms

A

Liver cirrhosis

Brain damage

Eye damage

223
Q

Wilson’s Disease effect on brain

A

striatum of the brain, causing Parkinson style symptoms

224
Q

Wilson’s Disease effect on eyes

A

accumulates in limbus of cornea, known as Kayser-Fleischer rings

225
Q

Wilson’s Disease treatment

A

D-penicillamine

chelates the copper from cells; but has cytostatic affect (prevent cell replication)

226
Q

D-penicillamine is very dangerous medicine because of

A

cytolytic effects- inhibits cell replication

227
Q

Deposition of calcium salts into the tissues or between cells (lungs, arteries, veins) is called

A

Calcification

228
Q

2 Types of calcification are

A

Metastatic

Dystrophic

229
Q

Deposition of calcium salts into atrophic or necrotic tissue is called

A

Dystrophic Calcification

230
Q

Examples of Dystrophic Calcification

A

Ghon’s Focus

Rheumatic fever

Sclerodactyly

Systemic sclerosis

231
Q

how does Ghon’s Focus develop

A

TB bacteria results in casseous necrosis, which the immune system surrounds with lymphocytes, which will under go calcification and can be identified on x-ray of lungs

232
Q

over production of CT replacing normal tissues; calcification of atrophic tissue is called

A

Systemic sclerosis

233
Q

Systemic sclerosis aka

A

Scleroderma

234
Q

Systemic sclerosis (a.k.a. Scleroderma) can occur in

A

face

235
Q

Systemic sclerosis symptoms

A

lacks ability to show emotion

thinning narrowed lips

vertical wrinkles

atrophic face

236
Q

A condtion where Soft tissue of the hand has a contracted look, claw like, due to dystrophic calcification.

A

Sclerodactyly

237
Q

a condition wiht Atrophy of the heart, specifically aortic valves, due to calcification

A

Rheumatic fever

238
Q

Deposition of calcium salt in any tissue other than that which is atrophic or necrotic

A

Metastatic Calcification

239
Q

Example on metastatic calcification

A

Kidney stones

240
Q

Metastatic calcification pt will present with

A

hypercalcemia

241
Q

Metastatic Calcification is caused by

A

Increased secretion of Parathormone

Destruction of bone

Vitamin D related disorders; Sarcoidosis

Renal failure – secondary Hyperparathyroidism (PTH)

242
Q

Destruction of bone that can lead to metastatic calcification are

A

Accelerated turnover (Paget’s Disease)

Immobilization

Tumors (Multiple myeloma, Leukemia, Skeletal metastasis)

5- Path I (6 decks)

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