1.1: Population Dynamics (Paper 1 and 2) Flashcards
1
Q
Explain why the global population is increasing rapidly: (5)
A
- High Fertility Rates: In some countries, women are giving birth to more babies (1)
- Good healthcare: Good and hygienic healthcare means a longer life expectancy (1)
- New medicine: new medicines are being developed so people don’t die of previously fatal diseases (1)
- There are more births than deaths taking place in general (1)
- Some religions don’t permit the use of contraception. (1)
2
Q
Define the following terms: (3)
- Over-population: (2)
- Under-population: (1)
A
- Over-population: Where there are too many people in an area (1) relative to the resources and the level of technology available. (1)
- Under-population: Where there are too few people in an area to use the resources available effectively. (1)
3
Q
Explain the causes of over-population: (5)
A
- High fertility rates: This increase the number of children women have. (1)
- Higher birth rates than death rates (1)
- Decreasing infant mortality rates: The number of babies dying under the age of 1 is less than before. (1)
- Lack of education about family planning and contraception: Families see children as their source of income when they eventually retire. (1)
- Increase in Life expectancy: This is as a result of a better healthcare. (1)
4
Q
Explain the consequences of over-population: (5)
A
- Intense competition for land: With limited land and a lot of people, people will compete (1)
- Heavy traffic congestion: More people may mean more cars on the road (1)
- High house prices: Because demand for houses are rising, prices will shoot up (1)
- High environmental impact of economic activity: Because there is more activity going on in over-populated areas, it will have an harmful effect on the environment. (1)
- Pressure on water resources: Demand will be high for water resources. (1)
5
Q
Explain the causes of under-population: (5)
A
- Very selective immigration policies: Under-populated countries may only allow a certain number/certain people from different countries to enter the country. (1)
- Low birth/fertility rates: There are a low number of babies being born and women are not giving birth to as many babies. (1)
- Women are more likely to pursue careers as they are more educated and therefore delays the age that they have babies. (1)
- Increased levels of family planning and access to contraceptives. (1)
- The majority of the country is considered unhabitable to live in due to harsh conditions in those areas. (1)
6
Q
Explain the consequences of under-population: (5)
A
- Fewer people paying taxes: This can lead to higher taxes.
- Resources are underused: Which can lead to wastage of them.
- A shortage of workers: This could cause the country to be less economically productive.
- Few customers: Businesses may shut down due to the lack of customers.
- Low levels of production: Due to a shortage of workers.
7
Q
Explain the causes of a change in population size: (2)
A
- The difference between the birth rate and the death rate (the rate of natural change). (1)
- The balance between immigration and emigration (net migration). (1)
8
Q
Define the following terms: (3)
- Birth Rate (1)
- Death Rate (1)
- Rate of net migration (1)
A
- Birth Rate: The number of live births per 1000 population in a year. (1)
- Death Rate: The number of deaths per 1000 population in a year. (1)
- Rate of net migration: The difference between the rates of immigration and emigration. (1)
9
Q
State the formulas for: (2)
- Natural change (1)
- Net migration (1)
A
- Natural Change = Birth Rate - Death Rate (NC = BR - DR) (1)
- Net migration = Immigration - Emigration (NM = E - I) (1)
10
Q
Explain how birth rate, death rate, migration and emigration contribute contribute to the population of a country increasing or declining. (4)
A
- When there are more births, the population will increase. (1)
- When there are higher levels of immigration, the population will increase. (1)
- If there are more deaths, the population will decline. (1)
- If there are higher levels of emigration, the population will decline. (1)
11
Q
State the reasons for contrasting rates of population change: (3)
A
- Fertility
- Mortality
- Migration
12
Q
Explain the factors affecting fertility: (9)
- Demographic: (1)
- Social/cultural: (3)
- Economic: (3)
- Political: (2)
A
- Demographic: Infant mortality rates influence fertility. (1)
- Social/cultural: In some countries tradition requires high rates of reproduction. (1) In other countries, education is key to lower fertility. (1). Some religions oppose artificial birth control (1).
- Economic: Children are seen as a source of income in the eyes of the elderly as in most cases, they work on small farms. This usually happens in low developed countries (1). There is no government support for the elderly, which requires them to look for other means of income. (1). When there is economic growth, more money is being spent on things like healthcare. Therefore a lot of people, especially women, pursue careers and because they are having children at an older age, this will reduce the fertility rate (1).
- Political: In some countries, governments attempt to change population growth for economic reasons. They may offer welfare benefits to families who have more children because their aim may be to increase population growth (1). In some countries, they would want to decrease population growth so they may implement fines if you have a certain number of children and it exceeds the limit. (1)
13
Q
Explain the factors affecting mortality: (5)
A
- Poverty: If young children live in bad conditions, they are more likely to die which decreases the life expectancy. (1)
- Poor access to healthcare: If someone is ill, they may not be able to get treated which could lead to fatal outcomes and this increases mortality. (1)
- Antibiotic resistance: When getting treated, the body may produce germs that kills the antibiotic and this can increase mortality. (1)
- War and conflict: This can take the lives of many people. (1)
- Diseases such as HIV/AIDS: These diseases can be fatal to many people. (1)
14
Q
Explain the factors affecting migration TO another country: (6)
A
- A wide range of amenities
- Attractive environent
- High standard of living: people would want to have a better quality of life.
- Improved housing
- High wages: The minimum amount they are expected to be paid is high.
- Better job opportunities:
15
Q
Define the term population policy: (2)
A
Encompasses all of the measures taken by a government (1), aimed at influencing population size, growth, distribution or composition. (1)
