1.2: Migration (Paper 1 and 2)

Question 1

Explain the reasons for population migration: (14)

• Push (7)
• Pull (7)

Answer 1

Push Factors:

• Housing shortages (1)
• Low income (1)
• Poor employment opportunities (1)
• Unpeaceful society (1)
• Intense weather (1)
• Natural disasters (1)
• Tension in society (1)

Pull Factors:

• Good job opportunities (1)
• High minimum wages (1)
• Improved housing (1)
• Peaceful society (1)
• High standard of living (1)
• Attractive environment (1)
• A wide range of amenities (1)

Question 2

Define the term rural-to-urban migration: (2)

Answer 2

The movement of significant numbers of people (1) from the countryside to towns and cities. (1)

Question 3

Explain what voluntary and involuntary migrations are: (2)

Answer 3

In voluntary migration, the individual has a free choice whether to migrate or not. (1) In involuntary migration, people are forced to move due to environmental or human factors like conflict. (1)

Question 4

Explain the impacts of migration on the countries of origin: (6)

Positive: (3)
Negative: (3)

Answer 4

Positive:

• Remittances are a major source of income in some countries. (1)
• Emigration can ease the levels of unemployment and underemployment. (1)
• Reduces pressure on health, education and housing. (1)

Negative:

• Loss of young adult workers who may have vital skills. e.g doctors, nurses, teachers etc. (1)
• There is an ageing population in communities with a large outflow of young migrants. (1)
• Agricultural output may suffer if the labour force falls below a certain level. (1)

Question 5

Explain the impacts of migration on the countries of destination: (6)

Positive: (3)
Negative: (3)

Answer 5

Positive:

• Increase in available labour may reduce the cost of labour to businesses and helps to reduce inflation. (1)
• Increase in cultural diversity can enrich recieving communities. (1)
• An inflow of young migrants can reduce the rate of population ageing. (1)

Negative:

• Migrants may be perceived as taking jobs from people in the long-established population. (1)
• Increased pressure on housing stock and on services such as health and education. (1)
• A significant change in the ethnic balance of a country or region may cause tension. (1)

Question 6

Explain the impact of migration on the migrants themselves: (6)

• Positive: (3)
• Negative: (3)

Answer 6

Positive:

• Wages are higher than in the country of origin
• There is a wider choice of job opportunities
• They have the ability to support family members in the country of origin through remittances.

Negative:

• The financial cost of migration can be high. (1)
• Migration means separation from family and friends in the country of origin. (1)
• There may be problems settling into a new culture. (1)

Question 7

Define the term migration: (2)

Answer 7

The movement of people across a specified boundary, national or international, (1) to establish a new permanent place of residence. (1)

Question 8

Define the term push and pull factors: (4)

Answer 8

Push factors are negative conditions at the point of origin, (1) which encourage or force people to move. (1) In contrast, pull factors are the positive conditions at the point of destination, (1) which encourage people to migrate. (1)

Question 9

Define the term refugees: (2)

Answer 9

People forced to flee their homes due to human or environmental factors (1) and who cross an international border into another country. (1)

Question 10

Define the term internally displaced people: (2)

Answer 10

People forced to flee their homes due to human or environmental factors (1) who remain in the same country. (1)

Question 11

Define the term remittances: (1)

Answer 11

Money sent back to their families in their home communities by migrants. (1)