1.7: Urbanization (Paper 2)

Question 1

Explain the push and pull factors that cause economic growth: (4)

• Pull factors (2)
• Push factors (2)

Answer 1

Pull factors:

• The prospects of finding employment, better paid jobs and more secure jobs in urban areas. (1)
• Better provision of education and health facilities in urban areas. (1)

Push factors:

• Fewer economic opportunities in rural areas. (1)
• Poor access to clean water and sanitation, healthcare and education in rural areas. (1)

Question 2

Explain the impacts of urban growth in urban areas: (6)

Answer 2

• Poor housing. (1)
• Unemployment. (1)
• Congestion. (1)
• Transport. (1)
• Crime. (1)
• Poor environmental quality issues. (1)

Question 3

Explain the impacts of urban growth on rural areas: (5)

Answer 3

• New, large, expensive housing estates with detached or semi-detached homes, some are gated communities. (1)
• Urban style services increased - hence the change in name to ‘suburbanised’ village. (1)
• The commuter belt means new roads and public transport links. (1)
• New businesses such as pubs, restaurants, supermarkets and hotels have opened. (1)
• Dilution of traditional country life. (1)

Question 4

Explain the strategies to reduce the negative impacts of urbanisation/urban growth: (4)

Answer 4

• Create more jobs in rural areas so that people do not need to leave the area. (1)
• Legalise squatter settlements and give residents security. (1)
• Provide more running water and sanitation both in rural and urban areas. (1)
• Provide loans and subsidies for people to improve their homes. (1)

Question 5

Explain the effects of urbanisation on the people and the natural environment: (2)

• People (1)
• The natural environment (1)

Answer 5

• High numbers of vehicles create high levels of atmospheric pollution such as smog. (1)
• People may not afford to build houses in LEDCs which can lead to squatter settlements being formed. (1)

Question 6

Explain the characteristics of squatter settlements: (5)

Answer 6

• Poor, overcrowded, small housing, built very close together using inadequate material and with uncertain electricity supplies. (1)
• They have restricted access to water supplies. (1)
• Little to no sanitation facilities and no solid waste disposal, which leads to a polluted and degraded local environment. (1)
• There are inadequate health facilities which, along with poor living conditions, increase sickness and death rates. (1)
• The population in the squatter settlements have insecure living conditions as they may be forcibly removed by landowners or other authorities. (1)

Question 7

Define the term urbanisation: (1)

Answer 7

The process by which the proportion of a population living in or around towns and cities increases through migration and natural increase. (1)

Question 8

Define the following terms: (2)

• Millionaire city (1)
• Megacity (1)

Answer 8

• Millionare city: A city with over 1 million inhabitants. (1)
• Megacity: A city with over 10 million inhabitants. (1)