1.1 Skeletal and muscular systems

Question 1

What is the skeleten and what happens there?

Answer 1

shaping framework for the body which gives protection for internal organs and is the site for blood cell production and is mineral store

Question 2

What are the 2 main types of bones?

Answer 2

• flat bones, protects internal organs and acts as attachement for muscles
• long bones, levers for movement and as sites for blood cell production

Question 3

What is a joint?

Answer 3

an area of the body where two or more bones articulate to create human movement

Question 4

What is a ligament ?

Answer 4

a tough band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

Question 5

What is articular cartilage?

Answer 5

smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones to absorb shock and allow friction free movement

Question 6

WHat is the word given for the type of joint found between bones that moves against each other?

Answer 6

synovial joints

Question 7

What are the five common features of a synovial joint?

Answer 7

• ligament
• synovial fluid
• articular cartilage
• joint capsule
• bursa

Question 8

Explain the structure of the ligament?

Answer 8

tough band of slightly elastic tissue

Question 9

Explain the function of a ligament?

Answer 9

connects bone to bone and stabilises joints during movement

Question 10

What is the structure of synovial fluid

Answer 10

lubricating liquid contained within joint cavity

Question 11

function of synovial fluid?

Answer 11

reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage

Question 12

articular cartilage structure?

Answer 12

smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones

Question 13

function of articular cartilage ?

Answer 13

absorbs shock and allows friction free movement

Question 14

joint capsule structure?

Answer 14

a fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane

Question 15

joint capsule function>

Answer 15

encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid

Question 16

bursa structure?

Answer 16

a closed fluid filled sac found where tendons rub over bones

Question 17

bursa function?

Answer 17

reduces friction between tendons and bones

Question 18

What are the three planes of motion>

Answer 18

sagittal plane - divides body from left left and right
frontal plane - dived body front and back
transverse - divides body top and bottom

Question 19

What are the 4 types of synovial joint?

Answer 19

hinge joint
condyloid joint
pivot joint
ball and socket joint

Question 20

Explain a hinge joint?

Answer 20

a cylindrical bone articulates with a trough-shaped bone held by ligaments which limit sideways motion

Question 21

Explain pivot joint>

Answer 21

rounded bone articulates with a ring shaped bone

Question 22

explain condyloid joint?

Answer 22

like ball and socket with flatter bone to allow motion in two planes

Question 23

Explain ball and socket joint>

Answer 23

ball shaped head articulates with a cup shaped socket to give a large range of motion in all three planes

Question 24

What changes the angle between articulating bones and joints?

Answer 24

flexion and extension

Question 25

What does the flexion do on the sagital plane

Answer 25

decreases joint angle ( usually to anterior )

Question 26

What does extension do on the sagital plane

Answer 26

increase joint angle (usually to posterior of body)

Question 27

what are the two types of flexion in the ankle?

Answer 27

dorsi-flexion, plantar flexion

Question 28

What is dorsi-flexion?

Answer 28

decreases joint angle bringing toes closer to tibia

Question 29

What is plantar flexion?

Answer 29

increases joint angle moving toes further from tibia

Question 30

What are the two tyoes of movement in the frontal plane and what do they do?

Answer 30

abduction - bone away from body | adduction - bone towards body

Question 31

What are the two types of movement on the transverse plane and explain them?

Answer 31

horizontal extension - away from body | horizontal flexion - towards mid of body

Question 32

What is rotation?

Answer 32

movement whereby articulating bones turns about their horizontal axis in a screwdriver action

Question 33

What planes does a ball and socket joint use?

Answer 33

sagitall, frontal and transverse

Question 34

What planes does a condyloid joint use>

Answer 34

sagittal, frontal

Question 35

What planes does a hinge joint use?

Answer 35

sagittal plane

Question 36

What is a tendon?

Answer 36

a fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a one

Question 37

What are point of attachment for each muscle called?

Answer 37

insertion, origin

Question 38

What is muscular origin?

Answer 38

muscular attachement to a stationary bone which stays relatively fixed during muscular contraction

Question 39

What is muscular insertion?

Answer 39

point of muscular attachement to moveable bone which gets closer to the origin during contraction

Question 40

What do muscles always work in?

Answer 40

pairs or groups

Question 41

What are the three main roles a muscle can adopt?

Answer 41

agonist antagonist fixator

Question 42

What is an agomist?

Answer 42

muscle responsible for creating movement in a joint (prime mover)

Question 43

What is an antagonist?

Answer 43

a muscle that opposes the agonist providing a resistance for co-ordinated movement

Question 44

what is a fixator?

Answer 44

a muscle that stabilises one part of a body while another causes movement

Question 45

What is antagonistic muscle action?

Answer 45

paired muscle action. as the agonist muscle shortens to create movement, the antagonist lengthens to co-ordinate the action

Question 46

What is the word when a muscle changes length during its contraction?

Answer 46

isotonic muscle contraction

Question 47

What two ways can isotonic muscle contraction occur?

Answer 47

concentric and eccentric

Question 48

Explain concentric muscle contraction?

Answer 48

muscle shortens producing tension. produces the force to pull two bones closer together causing joint movement

Question 49

What is eccentric contraction?

Answer 49

muscle lengthens producing tension. resists force (gravity) to control joint movement

Question 50

What is isometric muscle contraction?

Answer 50

muscle contracts but does not change length. muscle creates tension as pulls on tendon attachments but no movement created

Question 51

Name joint type for anke?

Answer 51

Hinge joint

Question 52

Name articulating bones in the ankle?

Answer 52

tibia, fibula, talus

Question 53

What movement plane does the ankle move on?

Answer 53

sagittal plane

Question 54

What are the two types of movememnts in the ankle?

Answer 54

- dorsi flexion ( toes upward) | - plantar flexion ( tip toes)

Question 55

Agonist muscles in dorsi flexion in ankle?

Answer 55

tibialis anterior

Question 56

Agonist muscles in plantar flexion in ankle?

Answer 56

gastrocnemius and soleus

Question 57

Antagonist for dorsi flexion in ankle?

Answer 57

gastrocnemius and soleus

Question 58

Antagonist muscles in plantar flexion in ankle?

Answer 58

tibialis anterior

Question 59

Type of knee joint type?

Answer 59

hinge joint

Question 60

Articulating bones in the knee?

Answer 60

femur and tibia

Question 61

What movement plane is the knee on?

Answer 61

sagittal plane

Question 62

What are the two types of movement in the knee?

Answer 62

Flexion and extension

Question 63

What muscules help flex the knee (agonist muscles)

Answer 63

biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus

Question 64

What muscles extend the knee?

Answer 64

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and vastus medialis

Question 65

What type of joint is the hip?

Answer 65

ball and socket

Question 66

What are the articulating bones in the hip?

Answer 66

pelvic girdle and femur

Question 67

What planes does the hip move on?

Answer 67

sagittal plane, frontal plane and transverse plane

Question 68

What movement happens at the hip on the sagitall plane?

Answer 68

flexion and extension

Question 69

Muscles used for hip flexion (sagittal plane)?

Answer 69

iliopsoas

Question 70

Muscles used for hip extension (sagitall plane)?

Answer 70

gluteus maximus

Question 71

Two movements on the hips frontal plane?

Answer 71

adduction and abduction

Question 72

Muscles involved in hip adduction?

Answer 72

adductor longus, adductor brevis and adductor magnus

Question 73

Two types of movement on the hips transverse plane?

Answer 73

medial rotation, lateral rotation

Question 74

Muscles used for hip medial rotaion?

Answer 74

gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

Question 75

Muscles used for hip lateral rotation?

Answer 75

gluteus maximus

Question 76

What type of joint is the shoulder?

Answer 76

ball and socket

Question 77

What are the articulating bones in the shoulder?

Answer 77

humerous and scapula

Question 78

What planes of motion does the shoulder act on?

Answer 78

sagittal, frontal, transverse

Question 79

What are the two types of motion on the sagittal plane?

Answer 79

flexion + extension

Question 80

Muscles needed for flexion in shoulder?

Answer 80

anterior deltoid

Question 81

muscles used in extension of the shoulder?

Answer 81

posterior deltoid

Question 82

What are the types of movement on the frontal plane of the shoulder?

Answer 82

adduction and abduction

Question 83

What muscles are involved in adduction of the shoulder?

Answer 83

latissimus dorsi

Question 84

What muscles are involved in abduction of the shoulder?

Answer 84

middle deltoid

Question 85

What movement happens on the transverse plane of the shoulder?

Answer 85

horizontal flexion and horizontal extension, medial rotation and lateral rotation

Question 86

What muscle is needed for horizontal flexion of the shoulder?

Answer 86

pectoralis major

Question 87

What muscles are needed for horizonatal extension in the shoulder?

Answer 87

posterior deltoid ad teres minor

Question 88

What muscles are needed for medial rotation?

Answer 88

teres major and subscapularis

Question 89

What muscles are needed for lateral rotation in the shoulder?

Answer 89

teres minor and infraspinatous

Question 90

What type of joint is the elbow?

Answer 90

hinge joint

Question 91

What are the articulating bones in the elbow?

Answer 91

humerus, radius and ulna

Question 92

What movement plane happens for the elbow?

Answer 92

sagittal plane

Question 93

What are the two movements for elbow?

Answer 93

flexion and extention

Question 94

WHat muscles are involved in flexion of the elbow?

Answer 94

biceps brachii

Question 95

What muscles are involved in extension of the elbow?

Answer 95

triceps brachii

Question 96

What joint type is the wrist?

Answer 96

condyloid joint

Question 97

What bones are involved in the wrist?

Answer 97

radius, ulna and carpals

Question 98

What is the movement plane for the wrist?

Answer 98

sagittal plane

Question 99

What are the two types of movement in the wrist?

Answer 99

flexion and extension

Question 100

What muscle is responcible for flexion in the wrist?

Answer 100

wrist flexors

Question 101

What muscle is responcible for extension in the wrist?

Answer 101

wrist extensors