4.5 Stages of learning Flashcards
1
Q
What is the second stage of learning?
A
associative stage
2
Q
Define the associative stage?
A
- where performer is learning how to perform the skill well and how to adapt skill
- performer attempts to translate knowledge into performance.
3
Q
What are the types of feedback for associative stage?
A
- intrinsic feedback
- positive and negative feedback
- extrinsic feedback
4
Q
What is intrinsic feedback?
A
the physical feel of the movement as it is being performed
5
Q
What is entrinsic feeback?
A
feedback from outside the performer
6
Q
Types of practise for associative stage?
A
- part practise
- progressive part practise
- massed practise (set shot in basketball)
7
Q
Characteristics of associative stage?
A
- fewer errors
- motor program development
- anticipation
- monitors own feedback
8
Q
What should a coach do for associative stage?
A
- correct feedback
- stress correct fundamentals
- accommodate differences in skill development
- lots of practise opportunity
9
Q
Practical examples of associative stage?
A
- tackling in rugby (put knowledge into practise)
- back flip in gymnastics ( putting skill together)
10
Q
What is the third stage of learning?
A
autonomous stage
11
Q
Define autonomous stage?
A
performer does not have to think about skill they are performing , focus on environment around them.
- performer has mastered skill
12
Q
characteristics of autonomous stage?
A
- perform with consistancy and accuracy
- adapt performance to environment
- very few mistakes
- trains often
- high performance level
13
Q
What does performance of autonomous skill look like?
A
- athelte doesnt focus on actual skill but the factors their skill will impact (specifics - where to place a ball)
14
Q
What type of feedback is used in autonomous stage?
A
- negative feedback ( refine performance)
- intrinsic feedback to refine and master skills
15
Q
How is a coached used in the autonomous stage?
A
- use complex video analysis to help performance
- pick up on errors
16
Q
What do athletes start to develop in the associative stage?
A
kineasthesis
17
Q
What must an autonomous skill consistently be done?
A
thought about and practised
18
Q
What is the first stage of learning?
A
cognitive stage
19
Q
What is the cognitive stage?
A
The cognitive stage is the beginning stage. The performer is inconsistent and makes many mistakes as they learn a new skill.
20
Q
What happens in the brain at the cognitive stage?
A
- new links are created in order to allow the player to repeat and perform new skills
- Extended practice builds new synaptic connectivity that leads directly to the development of new patterns of activity that enable new abilities.
- The process for humans to master a new skill also involves the generation of new neural activity patterns which allows the skill to be remembered and repeated
21
Q
What does performance look like at the cognitive stage?
A
- slow
- jerky
- robotic
- lots of errors
22
Q
WHat are the coaching points for the cognitive stage?
A
- correct performance must be reinforced
- demonstration and repetition is key
- positive feedback to encourage learners
23
Q
WHat type of practise should be used for cognitive stage?
A
whole part whole
24
Q
Give an example of when people are at cognitive stage?
A
learning new skill
25
What are the four types of guidance?
- visual guidance
- verbal guidance
- manual guidance
- mechanical guidance
26
What is visual guidance?
- learner watches a model performing a skill (demo or videos)
27
Give two examples of visual guidance ?
- demonstration of how to do a tennis serve
| - video of a person doing a hockey hit
28
What is verbal giuidance?
- the learner is told what to do through spoken instruction
| good for feedback
29
Examples of verbal guidance?
- telling a player which tactics to use in a game
| - explaining to a player where the right drive is in netball
30
What is manual guidance ?
- learner is given physical support by a teacher or coach, moving joints or limbs through the movement
- manipulating the learners body to try and develop kinesthesis
31
Examples of manual guidance?
- physical support during a forehand shot in tennis
| - physical support when someone is doing a backflip on a trampoline
32
What is mechanical guidance?
- learner uses equipment or apparatus to help performance, supporting the body through the movement using apparatus to develop confidence
33
Examples of mechanical guidance ?
- using a harness in trampolining
| - using floats or armbands in swimming
34
What are the advantages of visual guidance ?
- easy to create a mental picture of skill so learner can replicate it
- increasing understanding of movement requirements
- correct errors
- motivates the learner
- good at the cognitive stage
35
What are the disadvantages of visual guidance ?
- not effective if the demonstration is poor
- demonstration loses impact if too complex
- to be effective should be supported with verbal guidance
- no feedback given, less effective at the autonomous stage
36
What are the advantages of verbal guidance ?
- builds on knowledge gained by visual guidance
- helps develop understanding od detail
- can focus on key aspects
- good at autonomous stage
- corrects errors
- motivates learner
37
What are the disadvantages of verbal guidance ?
- not effective if too much negative feedback or criticism is given
- not effective if too much information is given
- incorrect or unclear information could be given
- some skills too complex for verbal guidance
- can be confusing at cognitive stage
38
What are the advantages of manual guidance ?
- corrects errors
- gives confidence / is good for dangerous skills
- at the autonomous stage helps to develop more complex skills
- gives the feeling of movement / kinesthesis and develops timing
- effective at cognitive stage
- may motivate younger people to pursue the sport
39
What are the disadvantages of manual guidance ?
- learner cannot correct errors for themselves
- close proximity of the coach could be uncomfortable for learners
- ineffective if used for too long, learner becomes reliant
- can limit proprioception / kinaesthetic development
- learner must trust coach
40
What are the advantages of mechanical guidance ?
- correct erros
- gives confidence and is good for dangerous skills
- at the autonomous stage helps to develop more complex skills
- gives a feeling of the movement / kineathesis and develops timing
- effective at cognitive stage
- may motivate young people to pursue sport
41
What are the disadvantages of mechanical guidance ?
- learner cannot correct errors for themselves
- may develop false confidence putting learner at risk
- ineffective if used for too long, learner becomes reliant
- can limit proprioception / kinaesthetic development
- learner must trust equipment
42
WHat is intrinsic feedback? explain
feedback that comes from within yourself, through kinaesthesis
(feel of the movement as its being performed- kinaesthetic feedback)
- detected by proprioceptors
- helps autonomous learners
43
WHat is extrinsic feedback?
feedback that comes from an external / outside source
- can be positive or negative
- good for cogntive performers
44
What is positive feedback?
feedback about correct performance of a skill
- can be intrinsic or extrinsic
- used to reinforce correct action
- good for motivating
45
What is negative feedback?
feedback about incorrect performance of a skill
46
What is knowledge of results feedback?
feedback about the result of a skill
47
WHat is knowledge of performance feedback?
feeback about the quality of a performance, whether technique was right
48
Advantages of intrinsic feedback?
- good for autonomous stage
- help fluency of skill as can alter performance while doing skill
- allows performer to have more attentional space (less to think about) so can focus on peripheral stimuli
49
What are the disadvantages of intrinsic feedback?
- less effective at cognitive stage and associotive stage as they dont know correct feel
- can hinder learning if overused
50
What are the advanatges of extrinsic feedback?
- help performer improve technique
- good at cognitive stage and associotive stage
- helps learner understand correct pattern
51
Disadvantages of extrinsic feedback?
- if info is innacurate could negatively effect performance
- learner can become too dependent on extrinsic feedback
- less effective at developing kinesthesis
52
Knowledge of results advantages?
- good at cognitive and associative stages
- allows correction after the movement or outcome of the movement
- good for ? skills becuase the outcome/ result is the measure of success
53
Disadvantages of knowledge of results?
- not as effective at autonomous stage
- can only be used after movement has been completed and corrections cannot be made during performance
- not as effective in some closed skills becuase technique is often the measure of success
54
Knowledge of performance disadvantages?
- less likely at cognitive stage
- gained through experiance so may take a long time to develop therefore the long process may be demotivating and may prevent learners from reaching autonomous stage
55
Advanatges of knowledge of performance?
- ideal at autonomous stage when kinesthesis helps with technique
- allows for quick correction during performance
- very effective in some closed skills as it enables technique to be adjusted during performance
56
Examples of knowledge of results feedback?
- distance travelled in javelin
57
Examples of knowledge of performance?
a comment from the coach about the foot placement during a kick in soccer, or noticing the height of a ball during a tennis serve.
58
How can a coach ensure feedback is effective?
- limit info given ( can lead to info overload)
- encourage/ help then to develop kinaesthesis/ intrinsic feedback ( player can recognise for themselves their movements)
- Timing of the feedback (should be given straight away after performance, when still fresh in memory)
- related to individual (player can relate to it)
