11 + 12. Social Divisions + the Second Civil War 1646 - 48/49 Flashcards
(26 cards)
Charles’ position in 46
Although militarily defeated, still viewed as necessary to a lasting settlement - upholder of society as the monarch + being necessary for royalists to agree to a settlement - would have to be negotiated w/
3 stages of constitutional ‘revolution’ (‘40 - ‘49)
1) ‘40 - ‘4 - attempts made to redefine the constitutional relationship between the King + Pment w/ the cooperation + consent of C
2) ‘42 - ‘47 - attempts redefine the constitutional relationship between King + Pment w/o C’s cooperation + consent
3) Dec ‘48 - ‘49 - removal of the King + establishment of a republic regime
Features of period 1646 - ‘58 (2)
1) Church of England abolished
2) No unified Pment - factionalism in the form of Political Independents + Political Presbyterians
Political Presbyterians (7)
1) Led by Denzil Holles
2) more moderate in political nature - “Peace party”
3) Generally conservative socially and politically
4) Opposed religious toleration
4) Favoured negotiated peace w/ C - willing to accept settlement on minimal terms (incl. NMA)
5) Increasingly worried abt/disenchanted w/ NMA
6) Drew closer to Scots
7) Supported Presbyterian church to prevent social revolution
Political Independents
1) Led by Cromwell + Henry Ireton
2) More politically radical - “War party”
3) Disliked authoritarianism of Scottish presbyterianism
3) Wanted religious toleration - liberty of conscience
4) Allied w/ NMA (seen as security against C)
5) Willing to settle w/ C + disband NMA if he accepted limitations on power
Newcastle Propostions
July ‘46 - proposed by Political Presbyterians:
1) C should abolish bishops
2) Sign the Solemn League + Covenant (+ impose Presbyterianism in England)
3) C agrees to the punishment of 70+ of his leading supporters (all but 58 royalists pardoned)
4) Pment control the militia (disband paid Army) for next 20 yrs
5) Pment control FP indefinitely
6) Triennial Act remains - enables the above
Cs’ response to the Newcastle Propositions
Unequivocal replies in Aug + Dec ‘46 - stalled to allow divisions to develop in Pment - made settlement more difficult.
Disagreements over religion common. Led to an altered version being offered which would demobilise the NMA and Create a new army out of London’s Trained Bands. Holles issued the declaration of dislike declaring the army petitioners for a harsher treaty were enemies of the state.
Politicisation of the NMA (4)
1) May ‘46 - NMA mostly disbanded (by Pment - essentially Presbyterians) - relieve financial burden (rest sent to Ireland) - only offered 6 weeks arrears of pay, many owed as much as 43 (£3,000,000) + refused to offer indemnity from prosecution for military civil war acts -> politicised
2) Mar ‘47 - NMA petition for Pment to address their grievances - condemned by Pment - in May C seems to accept Pres. demands - NMA take action
3) June ‘47 - detachment of soldiers led by Cornet Joyce seized the King + transferred him from the custody of Pment at Holmby House to NMA headquarters at New Market
4) Army council established - incl. ‘agitators’ (elected reps of politicised rank + file) + reps of junior officers
Solemn Engagement of the Army (3)
Issued by the Army Council 5 June ‘47 - presents agitators ideas influenced by Leveller pamphlets (from John Lilburne + Richard Overton etc.). Declared army wouldn’t disband until:
1) its religious grievances over religious toleration, indemnity + arrears of pay had been redressed
2) Holles + 10 other Presbyterian MPs were impeached
3) Pment was dissolved + a general election is held on a reformed franchise (v radical)
Response to the Solemn Engagement of the Army
1) 11 named Presbyterian MPs withdrew from Pment
2) 26 July ‘47 - popular demonstrations at Westminster against C emboldened them to return
3) Speaker + Political Independents fled to the army for protection who marched them to LND to restore their seats in Pment (driving out Presbyterian leaders)
Heads of the Proposals (4)
Beginnings of Political Independants (Cromwell, Ireton, Lord Saye + Sele + Lord Wharton) negotiations w/C - most moderate + reasonable conditions for a settlement offered to the King between ‘42 + ‘49
Published 2nd Aug, called for:
1) Pmentary elections held every 2 yrs
2) Pment should control: the militia, appointment of King’s ministers for 10 yrs but he’d retain the right to veto legislation
3) Only 7 Royalists were to be exempt from a general pardon + Pment’s enemies are excluded from office for 5 yrs
4) Demand for the imposition of Presbyterianism is dropped in favour of a liberty of conscience (even allow for the return of bishops - albiet w/ limited powers) Ireton + Cromwell believed if they could get C to accept the Heads it shows their willingness to compromise in favour of a moderate settlement - critical point - C warned by Berkeley (emissary w/ army) if he didn’t accept Heads the ‘army’s temper’ would turn against him
Differences (2) + similarities (2) of the Heads of Proposals compared to the 19 Propositions
D - only 7 Royalists punished - instead of 70
D - C can veto legislation
S - still no control over the militia
S - still no CofE or plan to re-establish it
Putney Debates
Oct - 5 Nov ‘47 - Army council debates Heads of Proposal Ireton + Cromwell take a conservative stance (defended property owners + limited franchise) but aware of danger of losing army support + adopt a more radical stance (although not extreme - didn’t want to pursue leveller terms) - important as brings radical ideology + upturn of social order to the fore (but the SCW united the NMA again - reducing leveller influence) - ended w/ Ireton + Rainsborough clash over settlement
Case of the Army Truly Stated + Agreement of the People
Agitators own settlements (following Heads - middle of Putney Debates?) proposals demanding a widening of franchise, a redrawing of constituency boundaries (more representative of the pop.) + the right of the HoC to pass legislation w/o HoL consent - heavily leveller influenced
Failure of the Heads of the Proposals
1) Rejected by C (still no CofE or power over army + ideological dependent upon him) continuing his policy of playing PIs + PPs off on each other - even remarked to Ireton “without me you will fall” - final lost opportunity for the King - army gave no 2nd chance
2) 11 Nov C escapes army custody at Hampton Court + fled to Isle of Wight (recaptured in 2 days) but neogitations were finalised (rank + files position jaded - TP) + an Engagement is signed in Dec ‘47 (in return for 3 yrs of Presbyterianism Scots would restore power to C) + 2nd Civil War starts Mar ‘48
NMA as “God instrument” in SCW (5)
1) Each regiment had chaplains that provided religious motivation through sermons + Bible studies
2) Each regiment had its own banner with religious origins
3) Fasting and reflection used to prepare for battle
4) Lay preaching saw the soldiers themselves preach the word of god
5) General army council was created due to a belief in equality
Significance of SCW for Army
Not much of a military event, far more political - felt God had judged against C in 1st Civil War - shedding blood needlessly in a lost cause - ignoring providence, no patience for C or Pment to settle - even if a negotiation was agreed C can’t be trusted to keep it - want to call C, “that man of blood, to an account for the blood he has shed”, on June 14 ‘47 they declare they are called ‘to the defence of our own and the people’s just rights and liberties’
Significance of SCW for Pment
Passed a vote of ‘No Addresses’ in Jan ‘48 - no further negotiations between C + Pment, Holles (PP - only ones really on C’s side by end of SCW) resumed seats in Pment (Army distracted) - repealed in Aug after inspection + commissioners sent to Isle of Wight to open preliminary negotiations w/ C - over Treaty of Newport
Remonstrance of the Army
Nov ‘48 - protest in response to Pment reopening negotiations w/ C (over Treaty of Newport), enters LND on Dec 2 to pressure Pment - despite this, Pment voted to summon C to LND + begin formal negotiations w/ him to end SCW
Leveller (9 aims)
London-based pressure group seeking political, social + economic reform - John Lilburne - leading member
Wanted:
1) extension of franchise to all men
2) a written constitutional (Agreement of the People as of Oct ‘47)
3) HoC as legislative - removing power of C + HoL
4) frequent elections - Pment biennially
5) redistribution of MP seats - elected in proportion to population of constituency
6) religious freedom (bi product of political reform e.g. authority of bishops in HoLs)
7) reform of the law
8) elected local gov
9) economic reform (increased equality)
Levellers Methods (4)
1) Petitions: large one 10-14th Mar 1647, Oct ‘48 w/ 40,000 signatures, Women’s petition signatures in May 49, Elizabeth Lilburne’s petition demanding release of her husband from prison - 10k signatures in July ‘55
2) Processions: Rainsborough’s funeral Nov ‘48, Lockyer’s funeral Apr 49
3) Pamphlets: Agreement of the People Oct ‘47, Hunting of the Foxes Mar ‘49 (OC attacked as hypocrite), produced 250 between ‘45 - ‘49
4) Newspapers: The Moderate July ‘48 -Sept ‘49
Levellers influence in the army (3)
1) Exploited low rank officer’s skepticism of grandees (OC + Ireton) negotiations w/ C to push reform + radical ideas
2) Oct ‘47 - Levellers agents appeared in 5 cavalry regiments + circulated pamphlet “The case of the army truly stated”
3) Forced army to hold Whitehall and Putney debates to keep rank + file onside + calm leveller influence
Diggers (3)
1) Created by Gerrard Winstanley (strong anti-clerical views) + Carr
2) Saw communes as a solution to social inequality (seen in Winstanley’s vision of God - religiously motivated/placed religion at heart of beliefs) - believed in total social + political equality - “true levellers” (no poverty or injustice)
3) Wanted total freedom of the people - “every freeman shall have freedom w/o the restraint of any: he shall not pay rent to any landlord”, promoted drastic political change - “freedom is the man that will turn the world upside down”
Methods of the Diggers (3)
1) Established communes outside major communities - major one on St Georges Hill outside London - denounced property as a ‘Norman invention’
2) Pamphlet “True Levellers Standard Advanced” published
3) ‘52 - Winstanley published “The Law of Freedom in a Platform” - pamphlet calling for free will + freedom from taxes
