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Britain, Conflict, Revolution and Settlement > 1.1 Why Did Monarchical Government Fail in the years 1625-1649? > Flashcards

1.1 Why Did Monarchical Government Fail in the years 1625-1649? Flashcards

1
Q

10 reasons why Monarchical Government failed in the years 1625-1649

A
  1. Charles and Parliament 1625-1629
  2. Buckingham
  3. Foreign policy 1625-1629
  4. Financial reforms of Personal Rule
  5. Laudian Reforms, Order and Uniformity
  6. Bishop’s Wars
  7. Parliamentary Opposition / Long Parliament
  8. Divisions in Parliament
  9. Civil War
  10. Politicalisation of Army
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2
Q

6 reasons why did charles 1 and parliament argue 1625-1629 brief

A
  1. Divine right of kings
  2. royal prerogative
  3. royal finance
  4. parliaments privileges
  5. impeachment
  6. church of england
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3
Q

divine right of kings argument

A

king = gods regent on earth (accountable only to god)
vs
King may be divine but must still act within the law

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4
Q

royal prerogative argument

A

king could make decisions beyond competence of parliament (foreign policy, army, dissolving parliament, judges and ministers)
vs
parliament had freedom of speech and parliamentary privileges = free to critisize inside the buildings of parliament

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5
Q

royal finance argument

A

king had right to raise money without parliaments consent (sell land, taxation, forced loan)
vs
king to live of his own (increasingly difficult in time of luxury/less land /inflation)
money = parliaments leverage over the king

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6
Q

parliaments privileges argument

A

crown had right to formulate policy (kings prerogative clashed with parliaments legitimate interests)
vs
parliament had own rights and king not allowed to enter commons
right to discuss the issues regarding the commonwealth

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7
Q

impeachment argument

A

choice of ministers was part of royal prerogative
vs
parliament turning itself into a court of law able to move to bring ministers to account

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8
Q

church of england argument

A 
king was supreme governor of the church (made appointments and set church policy)
King was high church
vs
parliaments freedoms of speech
parliament = low church
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9
Q

Foreign policy up to 1625

A

James 1: started war with spain (religious conflicts in central europe resulting in war in 1618)
need subsidies for war
Wanted to restore daughter elizabeth and her husband to the Palatinate
Buckingham negotiates marriage of Charles to Catholic Henrrietta Maria
Mansfield expedition 1624 = troops dispatched to help the protestant cause in germany, disastrous, wasted away on Belgian coast
james dies and charles now had to deal with the consequences

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10
Q

1625 parliament

A

Charles= Limited credit - failure to secure loans from city of london
Must now seek parliaments help
parliament rejected tonnage and pundage for life, ind=stead on a one year rolling renewal (king now must open parliament every year, kings power snubbed)
When began discussions to impeach Buckingham Chalres dissolves parliament

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11
Q

1626 parliament

A

parliament summoned for a subsidy to continue the war
impeachment against buckingham
Charles dissolves parliament again
Charles in need of money

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12
Q

1628 parliaments

A

parliament follows new strategy
in return for accepting petition of right parliament will grant charles subsidy
Charles agreed, subsides passed
buckingham assassinated August 1628
June 1928 - charles passes petition of right by ‘his grace’ not ‘of parliaments right’ therefore could be revoked by royal prerogative
Parliament now cross
jan 1629 parliament attempts investigation into charles’ actions, charles suspends parliament
black rod

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13
Q

Petition of right

A 
crown may not arbitrarily impose
-taxes
-imprison
-billet troops
-martial law
-act outside of the law
without the consent of parliament 
divine right severely challenged
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14
Q

Assassination of buckingham

A

assassinated by disgruntled army officer John Felton
(blamed buckingham for englands military failure in august 1628)
celebration
bonfires lit across south of england in celebration
parliament very happy
king appalled, had just lost a figure who acted like a father figure

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15
Q

black rod insident

A

1629, 2nd march black rid sent by king to close parliament
door is slammed in his face
inside the house, speaker attempts to end debate
several MPs grab him and forcibly hold him in his chair
MP Denzil Holles shouts 3 resolutions:
-against the growth of arminiasnism
-levying of tonnage and poundage
-actions of those who paid tonnage and poundage
King = furious
Parliament dissolved for 11 years

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16
Q

Foreign policy 1625-1629

A

War continued with spain
September 1625 - cadiz expedition
Conscription and billeting of soldiers 1625-1626 (already in hard times + plague)
La rocheele expedition october 1627 (relationship with france dented)

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17
Q

who was and background Buckingham

A

George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham 1592-1628
gentry family
introduced to king in 1614 as an attempt to undermine Robert Carr (kings favourite)
james became found of this charming young man….
bukingham and charles to spain (to try and woo the spanish infanta) failed miserably but strong bond formed between the two men

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18
Q

why hated?

A

Parliament hinnks buckingham leads king astray
king = divine right, therefore all kings faults placed on buckingham?
charles overly loyal (will dissolve parliament over letting buckingham be impeached)
Moonopolised patronage
gained wealth and titles from pleasing the monarch
teachers pet
created huge numbers of enemies

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19
Q

religoius early problems with charles

A

wife ; Henrietta Mari brought own catholic entourage

charles promoted Arminian men

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20
Q

Finance 1625-1629

A

In desperate need of finance - war with spain
1625 parliament- tonnage and poundage on yearly basis
1626 parliament called to fund war
impeachment = closed parliament,
July 1926 letter to JPs telling subjects ‘lovingly, freely, and voluntarily’ to give him money. (failed)
Forced loan September 1626
1628 parliament called for another subsidy
subsidy for petition of right

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21
Q

Forced loan

A

September 1626
anyone who refused to loan charles the money could be imprisoned or conscripted
£250,000 raised
Used billeting troops as form of punishment (Banbury = puritan stronghold and nowhere near the sea)
- five knights case

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22
Q

five Knights case

A

76 gentlemen and earl of lincon were imprisoned
but didnt take case to court as charles worried about legality of forced loan
BUT 5 imprisoned knights applied to the court of the kings bench for a writ of ‘habeas corpus’
charles won case (royal prerogative to imprison) but politically ruined himself
used a sledge hammer to swat a fly

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23
Q

3 bodies responsible closing of aprliament 1629 (brief)

A

parliament
king
buckingham

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24
Q

buckingham responsible for closing parliament 1629

A

responsible for foreign policy

= king having to go back to parliament time and time again

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25
Q

king responsible for closing parliament 1629

A

bad king?
remains unreasonably loyal to buckingham
obsessive divine right
duplicitous (petition of right)

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26
Q

parliament responsible for closing parliament 1629

A 
petition of right was too far
jealousy
royal prerogative infringement
dealt first blow, tonnage and poundage
power hungry
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27
Q

long term impact of closing parliament 1629

A

autocracy fears

foundation of mistrust laid

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28
Q

short term impact of closing parliament 1629

A

charles needs money
unhappy political nation (MPs)
resentment
free to do as he chooses

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29
Q

finance 1629- 1636

A 
Treaty of Susa 29 - peace with france
treaty of madrid 29 - peace with spain
annual spending from £500,000 -> £70,000
(Pre 1629 wartime to 1630s)
Recusancy laws (illegal to practice catholocism = fine)
royal forest fines
distraint of knight hood fines
tonnage and poundage collection made more efficient
monopoly lisences (inc soap?!)
Ship money
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30
Q

Ship money

A

worth £200,000 pa
supposedly a prerogative tax to be collected from coastal counties once / twice during a monarchs rule
collected 1634
again 1635 (to inland counties as well)
1636 was an annual tax
(big controversy as all parts of society effected. also charles counld now survive without parliament forever?)

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31
Q

Laudian reforms and uniformity during 11 years tyranny

A

Archbishop of Canterbury = William Laud 1633-45
arminian
uniformity
hierarchy
adherence to rules, ritual and formality
charles introduced because wanted a well ordered regime that respected the monarchy and the religious root of his power
or heading towards an absolute catholic monarchy
church; statues, colour, organs, altars moved to east of church
book of common prayer
puritan clergy disbanded
1935 - an ambassador of the pope was welcomed at court

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32
Q

Reaction and resistance to personal rule 1636-1640

A

a small group of Puritan gentry set out to test legality of ship money
Hampden Case
Hampden refused to pay ship money 1636 = legal challenge
judges in court of kings bench found narrowly in kings favour (7 to 5)
Court of star chamber = Pyrnne, Burton and Bastwick criticized religious reforms of Laud
laud imposed punishment of having ears cut of, cheeks branded,imprisoned

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33
Q

why was hampden case significant

A

5 experts said ship money to be illegal (all had been put there by the king)

34
Q

why was pyrnne burton and batwick case significant

A

demonstrated church involvement in legality and court

35
Q

Charles and scotland pre bishops war

A

didnt understand scotland
didnt trust scottish privy council therefore relied on a few scottish exiles living permanently in london
did understand Presbyterian scottish Kirk
only visited scotland 8 years into his rule in order to be crowned
1633 = heavily laudian ceremony whereas scotland = heavily protestant

36
Q

scottish kirk

A

1560 led by john knox, had undergone a calvanist reformation
now a presbyterian church
very low church

37
Q

charles interference in scotland during personal rule

A

1636 - book of canons to scottish clergy. how their church should be more like cofe
july 1637 - english prayer book to scottish churches. when first read in St Giles cathedral, edinburgh, riots broke out
both sides (charles and the covenanters) raised armies

38
Q

national covenant

A

declaration of alliance to scottish nationalism and calvanism

39
Q

how first bishops war occured

A

Spring 1639 charles - 20,000 men on scottish border
(first time since 1323 king had attempted to go to war without calling a parliament)
once crossed border became clearly this poor, badly equipped and badly trained (as from county militias) were no match to the scots
before any fighting occured charles signed Pacification of Berwick agreeing both sides would disband
scots agreed to disband as long as king agreed to call a scottish general assembly and an english parliament to resolve the crisisp

40
Q

aftermath of first bishops war

A

scotland abolished the prayer book and bishops
didnt disband their army as distrust for charles
1640 under advice from wentworth called the short parliament
predictably charles faced with dozens of petitions regarding aspects of the personal rule
dissolved after only 3 weeks
second bishops war

41
Q

second bishops war

A

charles initiated
ill-equipped, badly trained army )majority of whom sympathized with scots)
defeated at battle of Newburn october 1640
treaty of ripon october 1640 forced charles to pay the scots £850 every day they occupied newcastle until issue resolved = charles forced to call a parliament

42
Q

long parliament dates

A

november 1640-1642

43
Q

aim of long parliament

A

dismantle the tools of personal rule
united and determined
spearheaded by Pym’s Junto
parliament had now cornered charles via his desperate need for money

44
Q

4 targets of the long parliament

A

ministers
courts
financial advantage
personal rule

45
Q

evil councellors - parliaments actions

A

1640 wentworth = lord lt of ireland
charles wanted his ally back in london to support him
but wentworth couldnt leave ireland as ireland unstable and he feared impeachment
‘they shall not harm a hair on your head’ charles to wentworth
impeached immediately
impeachment droped when it became clear lords would not support
=act of attainder (convict without trial)
Pym revealed ‘Army plot’
house of lords passed act of attainder out of fear
charles then had to sign act of attainder
12 may 1641, wentworth executed
1640 laud impeached
no trial,imprisoned in tower of london
executed 1645

46
Q

army plot

A

rumour catholic officers (encouraged by the queen were raising an army to dissolve parliament and release wentworth
a mob then surrounded parliament demanding wentworths execution
forced lorads and king into signing act of attainder and ensuring wentworths death

47
Q

dismantling the tools of personal rule

A

june 1641 - tonnage and poundage, ship money and other fiscal innovations declared illegal without parliaments consent
prerogative courts abolished at same time
also
parliametn could no longer be dissolved without its own consent
triennial act passed feb 1641

48
Q

1641 chaarles finally granted…

A

parliament to grant charles tonnage and poundage every 2 months for a year

49
Q

opposition to pyms junto

A

worries pyms junto had infinged on royal prerogative and divine right too far
led by Sir Edward Hyde
root and branch bill helped to cause this divide

50
Q

root and branch bill

A 
1641
abolish bishops in the church of england
vigorously opposed
dropped but served to divide parliament
pym had now stepped too far
51
Q

1641, what happened before charles left for scotland

A

the opposition drew up Ten propsitions
-power to chose kings advisors
-parliament able to protect itself from royal vengance
charles rejected and left for scotland to negotiate peace

52
Q

the road to war breif

A

October 1641, parliament returns from ‘summer break’
rumors of risings among catholics in ireland
Charles remains in scotland
Grand remonstrance passed 22nd november
Militia bill presented (failed as moderates flocked to charles’ side)
charles eventually returns in november
militia bill december
1642
january, rumors pym planning to impeach the king
3rd jan - charles orders lords to begin impeachment against the opposition leaders
4th jan - attempt on the five members
march - militia ordinance
june - commision of array
June 19 propositions
both sides raise armies
august: charles raises his standard at Nottingham and war is declared

53
Q

irish rebellion

A

october 1641- parliament returns to rumours of irish catholic uprisings
tales of massacre with 200,000 deaths
tales of irish army in north west engalnd
in reality maybe a few thousand dead and contained in ireland but still served its purpose

54
Q

impact of irish rebellion

A

charles potential use ireland as source of army
catholics unite?
fear in uncertain times

55
Q

militarization of the conflict

A

panic as charles in scotland
parliament needs an army to tackle irish
but army would be under kings command
therefore pym devises grand remonstrate

56
Q

grand remonstrate

A

november 1641
outlined parliaments grievances with the king
unite parliament by reminding them all of the kings mistakes
passed by only 11 votes
so pym prints, without bothering to take it to the lords
(momentum now heading charles’ way)

57
Q

militia bill

A

militia bill failed december 1641 = feeling now moving in charles’ favour

58
Q

the attempt on the five members

A

jan 42 - rumors pym going to impeach queen
3rd - charles orders lords to begin impeachment of the opposition leaders
4th - charles enters house of commons with 300 soldiers to arrest ‘the five’
they had already fled
charles now proved he couldnt be trusted with an army
had to move his family out of london to ensure their safety

59
Q

march 1642

A

palriament issues militia ordinance
to raise and command an army to deal with irish issue
issued without kings consent

60
Q

commission of array

A

june - charles calls on lord lieutenants to raise an army for him to command
now had to chose sides
both sides now have an army

61
Q

19 propositions

A

june - parliament passes as a basis for negotiation with the king
too radical
-parliament oversee education of kings children
chalres rejects

62
Q

armies raised

A

July 1642, parliament raises its army
august 1642 charles raises his standard in nottingham
in doing so charles declares war on parliament

63
Q

long term issues resulting in civil war

A

economy
henry 8th church divides
personal rule bitterness
parliaments escalation in power

64
Q

short term issues resulting in civil war

A

Irish
Scottish
charles = inept king (5 members)
Pym going to far

65
Q

three main phases of civil war

A 
1642-1643
king in control
1643-1644
pym tries to regain control
1645-1646
new model army and parliament dominance
66
Q

phase 1 :king in control 1642-3

A

nobility and gentry support
has most of uk except london
majority of battle hardy officers supported him - skill
had officer corps
Prince Rupert and Maurice of Nassau = supported charles and both had experienced thiry years war so were skilled
first battle of civil war : Battle of Edgehill = royalist forces made some advances

67
Q

phase 2 : pym attempts to take control 1643-4

A

excise tax in parliament controlled areas to maintain army
maintains parliamentary unity even thought peace and war factions emerge
Peace negotiations at oxford (prevents peace party making extreme concessions)
1643 pym now very ill with a form of cancer
commons signs Solemn league and covenant
parliamentary voctory at Marston Moor july 1644

68
Q

solemn league and covenant

A

unites scottish forces with parliament
parliament now has a battle trained and strong force aiding parliament in the north
instrumental in the victory at Marston Moor

69
Q

third phase ; new model army 1645-6

A

crisis develops within parliamentary forces due to poor performances by leaders such as the Earl of Essex
failed peace talks at uxbridge 1645
Self- Denying Ordinance
all military leaders would resign their command and form the New Model Army
-22,000 men created by Sir Thomas Fairfax
-fairfax = strong soldier with little political interest and was therefore acceptable to both peace and war parties
another notable commander = oliver cromwell
major victory at Battle of Naseby june 1645
gained godly sataus but in reality came down to harsh discipline, training and good leadership

70
Q

search for settlement

A

no thoughts of getting rid of charles or forming a republic
- was charles’ advisors fault, not the divine monarch
charles got offered 2 peace settlement
scottish settlemnt = kinder, as scotlamd pnly interested in securing the future of the Presbyterian church
but charles delayed therefore the scots handed charles over the english in february 1645

71
Q

peace proposals offered to charles by parliament after first civil war

A

July 1646 at Newcastle
called Newcastle propositions
Political presbyterians
restrict religious freedoms
bring radical elements under control
demands
-parliament would nominate key officers of state
-parliament would control the militia for next 20 years
-bishops abolished and a presbyterian church be created for experimental 30 years

72
Q

charles’s response to newcastle propositions

A

delayed

whilst waiting for response levellers developed a political programme

73
Q

levellers leading to politicization of the army

A

began as a group advocating religious toleration
developed a political program
had support within new model army
main concern from most soldiers
-arrears of pay had not been given to them
parliament voted to disband the army without pay (despite cromwell speaking in their defence in parliament)
army now became a political force electing their own political spokesmen known as agitators

74
Q

Leveller action with the king

A

4th june 1647
cornet joyce arrived with escort to take possession of the king from Holdenby House
transferred to hampton court
5th june
leading officer (inc oliver) signed an engagement to support army = general council (of both officers and agitators)
cromwell quickly supported by leading officers inc son in law Ireton
Representation of the Army published june
demanded expulsion of 11 MPs, religious toleration and fresh elections with a wider electorate

75
Q

heads of proposals

A

august 2 1647
army settlement with king
-triennial act replaced with biennial parliaments
-parliament nominate key officers of state for 10 years
-parliament control militia for 10 years
-continued use of bishops in church but restriciton on their powers

76
Q

politicalisaiton of the army brief

A

Case of the army truly stated
-potential settlement presented to army general counil by agitators
debates at putney
divisions widened
cromwell tried to maintain peace
charles escapes captivity at hampton court
agitators had to return to their regiments
Ware (a place in hertfordshire) army muster, troops had copies of the agreement of the people and tried to spread message, cromwell restored orders and punished the leaders

77
Q

second civil war how it started

A

26th december charles signs secret Engagement with the scots = scots give charles military assistance whilst charles promises to establish a presbyterian church in engalnd for three ears
january, parliament = angry and votes for no more negotiations with charles

78
Q

second civil war events

A

scots enter england april 1648
easily defeated by army commanded by cromwell in august
negotiations begin…

79
Q

commons attempting to make peace with charles

A

try negotiations but charles refuses to abolish bishops for more than three years
Remonstrance to the commons november 20th
-ireton written
-demands charles be brought to justice
parliament sends four bills to chales (modified versions of newcastle propositions)
charles replied stating he would consider parliament to have some control of the militia
commons then voted the kings reply to be a basis for further negotiation

80
Q

5th december 1648

A

colonel thomas pride surrounds parliament wiht his troops
exclude 186 MPs and arrests a further 45
leaves a rump house pretty united against charles
A High Court Justice created to try charles
found guilty
beheaded 30th january 1649

Britain, Conflict, Revolution and Settlement (18 decks)

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