2.1 How effectively did the church of england evolve in conditions of conflict and revolution

Question 1

How effectively did the church of england evolve in conditions of conflict and revolution - 8 themes

Answer 1

arminian challenge
laudian reforms
long parliament rejection of laudian reforms 1640 -1643
civil war radicalism
rump and radicals
protectorate
restoration church
anglican dominance

Question 2

1625 england was a ……. state

Answer 2

confessional

Question 3

1688 England was a …… state

Answer 3

pluralist

Question 4

quick what and who led the reformation and when

Answer 4

1517
Martin Luther
challenged authority of the church (had become corrupted, ritualistic and superstitious)
Protested against the catholic church = protestants
many different branches formed

Question 5

why england turned protestant

Answer 5

henry viii need to marry anne boleyn to legitimize an heir
church became anglican in theory but retained most of its catholic traditions
next hundred years england now struggling to find a religious identity

Question 6

Elizabethan settlement brief and what were the two extremes left out called?

Answer 6

compromise to appease both sides
puritans on the low side
recusants on the high side

Question 7

Puritan doctrine

Answer 7

followed ideas of john calvin (french theologian)
belief in predestination
therefore no way to earn a place in heaven
if you were saved, you would know it
(cromwell was obsessed with predestination)

Question 8

emergence of Arminians background

Answer 8

Jacob Arminius (dutch theologian 1560-1609)
challenged puritan belief of predestination
god gave man free will
catholic church = mistaken rather than evil
developed significant english following by start of 1620s

Question 9

why did james 1 seem to favour arminians

Answer 9

James 1 needed to find sensible agreements with Catholic nations (france, spain)
therefore calvanists (insider and outsiders) = irrational restrictions and policies (v. anti-catholic)

Question 10

james 1 promoting arminians

Answer 10

1608 - Laud appointed to royal Chaplancy
1628 - laud becomes archbishop of london and member of privy council
1633 - laud becomes archbishop of canterbury
also duke of Buckingham = Arminian

Question 11

who was William Laud?

Answer 11

leading arminian
strong beliefs in order, beauty and hierarchy
wasnt concerned with religious doctrine, saw management of the church and creation of regime ensuring order much more important.
also ensured church policy would weaken calvanists

Question 12

richard Montagu….

Answer 12

‘A New Gag for an Old Goose’ 1624
attacked calvanist doctrine
was complained about in parliament 1625 (charles invited him to court thus protecting him)

Question 13

1626 proclamation (attacking calvanists) by charles

Answer 13

after dissolving parliament in 1626
forbade public discussion of sensitive religious doctrine (would restrict calvanists and other protestants far more than arminians who favoured formal prayers and ritualized responses)

Question 14

laudian reforms destroying puritanism

Answer 14

• used court of High commission and star chamber to prosecute puritan critics of the church / dissenting ministers
• 1633 Court of the Exchequer ordered the dissolution of Feoffes for Impropriations (organisation of wealthy puritans giving money to puritan preachers)
  -1637 Pyrnne, burton and bastwick (published satirical Litany criticizing laud) punished for further attacks on the church
  -

Question 15

laudian reforms which visibly changed the church, upsetting the laity

Answer 15

• organs installed
• decorated fonts
• statues and colour returned to church
• communion table from centre of congregation to east side of church (like the roman catholic church)
• communion shifting away from an act of remembrance to an act of transubstantiation (bread and wine = body and blood of christ)

Question 16

Laudian reforms imposing uniformity

Answer 16

• strict conformity to the common book of prayer (required by law)
• strict adherence to 39 Articles & existing ecclesiastical cannons
• Metropolitical Visitations (laud or his commissioners visiting every diocese to see that bishops were enforcing uniformity)
• clergy who wouldn’t conform disciplined, suspended or deprived of their livings

Question 17

Laudian reforms - using the church to reinforce divine rights of kings

Answer 17

Laud encouraged clergy to preach sermons supporting divine nature of royal authority
bishops given prominent places in gov
eg 1633 - Bishop Juxon of London became Lord Treaurer

Question 18

Response to laudian reforms

Answer 18

-catholicism
-autocracy
-their church threatend / alienated large sections of the population
-catholic queen (actively practicing)
-catholic aggression in europe
-laudian bishops = scary as owed much of their position to the king so was not going to challenge his authority (much like french cardinals..)
all very scary for much of england

Question 19

laudian reforms from when to when and how (political situation)

Answer 19

1628-1640

personal rule / 11 years tyranny = no parliament to answer to

Question 20

long parliament reaction

Answer 20

-abolition of prerogative courts (removed most repressive tool of the church)
-Root and Branch Petition dec 1640 (religious grievances from personal rule)
-demanded abolition of Episcopacy (Bishops) part of root and branch
root and branch Bill failed but showed hatred of Laudian reforms
-bishops removed from privy council & excluded from hofl

Question 21

impact of long parliament

Answer 21

limited
likely many parishes were able to return to old habits an get rid of unpopular rituals
but was it much…

Question 22

most significant radicalism ad reform during civil war

Answer 22

Solemn League and Covenant 1643

Question 23

what was the Solemn League and Covenant

Answer 23

signed with the Scots
agreed to establish a Presbyterian form of organisation in england
scottish model would be too radical so Pym set up an assembly of clergy to meet in westminster and draw up a model 1644

Question 24

Westminster Assembly (setting up of Presbyterian church) timeline

Answer 24

1644 - assembly met
1645 - parliament decided church should be presbyterian
1646 - resolution passed confirming collapse of episcopacy
Aim ; to create a conservative national presbyterian church

Question 25

what delayed setting up of presbyterian church (apart from civil war)

Answer 25

quarrel between….
Presbyterian in parliament and city vs Independents (may have been presbyterian but most of all wanted no or and opt out national church = toleration)
Jan 3rd 1644 - Apologetical Narration appealed for right to establish independent churches outside of national establishment - rejected as would have set a worrying precedent for future toleration….

Question 26

New Model Army and religion

Answer 26

• ideal breeding ground for radicalism (close proximity, fighting together, many from strongly protestant areas like East Anglia and Lincolnshire)
• particularly dangerous as so mobile
• post Naesby (1645) moved across country moping up resistance = huge spread of ideas (usually strengthened the radical ideas present in most areas and turned radicalism from a ideas to a true threat)

Question 27

parliament reaction to radical threat from new model army

Answer 27

-threatend hopes for a national church
-1647 parliament attempted to disband the army
-politicised the army = Heads of Proposals
-caused army and parliament to fall out (chalres hopes wedge now driven between his opponents)
-caused charles to start second civil war as he thought his opponents were divided) = prides purge = charles execution = opportunity for a single presbyterian church disappears
king executed also leads to another wave of radicals

Question 28

The rump dealings with religious radicals

Answer 28

-Blasphemy Act (severe punishments for dissenters)
-most eccentric groups died off as their leaders were impriosned / internal divisions
-exception = quakers
-was still widespread desire for religious and social
discipline (even independents & army feared anarchy)
all groups wanted godly toleration for their own variations

Question 29

Quakers

Answer 29

George Fox
spread rapidly in north
then began expanding 1654

Question 30

Independent ministers actions…

Answer 30

John Goodwin and Philip Nye (helped to write apologetical narration) stressed how they shared the views of the prebyterian majority in all ways but in church government

Question 31

cromwells 3 aims of society

Answer 31

reform of gov
build a godly society
reformation of manners
- favoured toleration and compromise

Question 32

how middle ground was established during the commonwealth

Answer 32

church continued to practice based on the preference of individual ministers / communities
those outside church were left alone as long as discrete
church came under control of Trier and Ejectors (ensured ministers were competent but still allowed for toleration)
presbyterian, anglican and independent ministers were all employed in the national church
calvanist groups met outside the church with impunity

Question 33

who and why were some punished for religious beliefs during commonwelath

Answer 33

fear of those who posed a danger to the regime
were a danger if the group attempted to impose their beliefs
eg: catholics & arminians (and Quakers on a national level)

Question 34

Nayler case

Answer 34

1656-1657
John Nayler = quaker sent by fox to spread their faith south
in bristol rode a donkey on palm sunday to re-enact christs entry to jerusalem
accused of blasphemy and calls for his execution
Cromwell intervened stating Nayler was merely foolish
Nayler flogged, bored aand imprisoned

Question 35

what does the nayler case show

Answer 35

still fear in much of parliament (and society as a whole) of the unknown and radicals
but cromwell genuinely wanted toleration (he wanted people to be free to find god their own way, as long as it didnt cause harm to others)

Question 36

which religion benefitted with the restoration of charles 2

Answer 36

HIGH CHURCH

ANGLICANS

Question 37

what did the convention parliament re-establish

Answer 37

the church of england
bishops
the rest of the details were left to the Savoy meeting

Question 38

savoy meeting

Answer 38

initial signs good (breadth of religious beliefs present)
the Venners rising (fifth monarchists)
old fears of religious radicals resurfaced
conservative cavalier parliament
= return to strict laudian uniformity
moderated tried to soften it but presbyterians kept on getting bogged down in non-essential detail
ended may 1661 with no agreement reached

Question 39

problem with not reaching a religious agreement at savoy meeting

Answer 39

religious decisions now in the hands of anti-puritan, high church arminians
-Act of uniformity 1662
-1663 Sheldon became archbishop of canterbury
reimposed laudian church (1800 ministers driven out of the church)

Question 40

how were puritan ministers driven out of church

Answer 40

Act of Uniformity 1662
ministers had to do 3 things
-accept re-ordination by a bishop (emphasized status and power of bishops, and suggested their previous ministry had been invalid)
-renounce presbyterian covenant (many had already sworn an oath of loyalty to)
-accept every element of the prayer book

Question 41

how is the act of uniformity seen by historians

Answer 41

retribution against puritans
defence of anglicanism
political act to discourage any form of dissent and to establish firm alliance between church and king

Question 42

anglican dominance after restoration

Answer 42

corporation act 1661
intellectual and political elite all anglican
king couldnt even break this dominance (first deceleration of indulgence was defeated)
clarendon code pushed through by anglicans
test act followed after second attempt to introduce an act of indulgence by king 1672

Question 43

how charles 2 changed politically after failure of decleration of indulgence 1672

Answer 43

embraced anglicanism to support royal power
allowed persecution of protestants
allowed danby to exercise royal social and political patronage to build royalist majorities
= tory
1685 - anglican church was the church of england but had not achieved the total uniformity desired by its leaders so not a confessional state ???