1.3 Why was the stuart monarchy restored in 1660 only to collapse 28 years later?

Question 1

9 reasons why the stuart monarchy was restored in 1660 only to collapse 28 years later

Answer 1

convention parliament
cavalier parliament
restoration settlement
declaration of indulgence
popish plot
exclusion crisis
rye house plot
james 2
glorious revolution

Question 2

how charles 2 was returned to the throne

Answer 2

jan 1660 monck enters london to restore order and free elections
feb long parliament members excluded from prides purge returned to dissolve itself
april newly elected assembly = convention parliament (as not called by the king)
4 th april Deceleration of Breda
parliament accepted may 5
may 25 charles lands at dover

Question 3

deceleration of breda

Answer 3

breda = in holland (protestant nation) charles had been advised by Monck to move there as looked better than catholic france
promised
-cooperation and harmony with political nation
-amnesty for actions during war and interregnum (apart from those who had signed fathers death warrant)
-settlement of outstanding issues with parliament
-arrears of pay given to the army and religious toleration guarnteed

Question 4

main issue surrounding charles’ return

Answer 4

back dated his regin to the moment of his fathers death 1649 = king there by divine right, not parliament

Question 5

what parliament followed the convention parliament and dates

Answer 5

Cavalier parliament december 1660 to 1679 (20 sessions)

Question 6

why did the cavalier parliament have a royalist majority

Answer 6

1661 failed rebellion in london led by fifth monarchists = fear of radicalist groups

Question 7

problem with cavalier parliament

Answer 7

intent on revenge and not reconciliation

Question 8

overarching aims of the restoration settlement

Answer 8

weaken the restrictions of the kings power

undermine the clarity that had been achieved by the convention parliament

Question 9

beginnings of religious settlement of the restoration settlement

Answer 9

convention parliament had restored anglican church and bishops (details of next was to be decided by the clergy at the savoy meeting in london)

Question 10

the divisions (groups with rough ideology) at the savoy meeting

Answer 10

Presbyterian royalists (reformed church allowing moderate puritans)
High church party led by Gilbert Sheldon (restore laudian church)
Latitudinarians (flexibility with a broad regime)

Question 11

which group was the strongest at the savoy eeting

Answer 11

high church party due to fifth monarchist uprisings

Question 12

religious articles passed in Restoration settlemnt

Answer 12

Act of Uniformity - restored laudian church (and ejected 1800 ministers who were unable to conform
Conventicle Act 1664 - punished those who tried to conduct a religious life outside of the church (passed by Sheldon, archbishop of canterbury)

Question 13

problem with religious aspect of restoration settlement

Answer 13

tries to destroy puritanism
by forcing puritans out, sheldon created a large and well connected group of dissenters (including quakers, congregationalists, baptists)
ensured the survival of dissenters

Question 14

charles 2 and finance beginning of his reign

Answer 14

convention parliament offered charles less money than he needed
cavalier parliament granted some funds
still needed to raise regular taxation
- but abolition of feudal tax
-still got custom duties and excise tax (£1.2 million pa)
-hearth tax 1661 (first levied 1662), raised only 1/3 of expected outcome
-MPs pleased as retained financial control over the King

Question 15

contradictions in bringing back the king and restoration settlement

Answer 15

restoration settlement did not solve problems that had led to war
divine right of king vs parliament recalled & relied on income from parliament
tolerant church wishes from monarch vs intolerant, conservative cavalier palriament

Question 16

catholic suspicions of charles 2

Answer 16

crypto catholic
attempted to suspend act of uniformity 1662
(benefited puritans, latitudinarians and freedom for english catholics)
french catholic mother & 12 years in france
pro-french & pro-catholic foreign policy

Question 17

example of pro-catholic foreign policy

Answer 17

1665 second anglo-dutch war (secured trade, also aided louis XIV aim to extent french territory into holland)

Question 18

second anglo-dutch war problem

Answer 18

war badly managed by brother James, Duke of York

dutch broke chain across Medway and destroyed english ships at anchor

Question 19

more suspicions surrounding charles 2

Answer 19

Humiliation regarding the medway
great plague 1655
great fire of london 1655
fire = work of catholic advisers
1667 - Edward Hyde Earl of Clarendon, chief adviser, replaced with Cabal (inc two catholics)
1668 - james announced conversion to catholicism
1670 - charles signs treaty with france committing england to a further war with the dutch
-also a secret clause committing charles to announce his own conversion to catholicism at a later date

Question 20

suspicions confirmed - which act confirmed the suspicions surrounding charles

Answer 20

Declaration of Indulgence 1672 - second attempt to established religious toleration

Question 21

why was the declaration of indulgence 1672 a problem?

Answer 21

issued by charles whilst parliament not in session
included catholic toleration
seemed like a challenge to the rule of law by parliament

Question 22

when and why was the declaration of indulgence challenged

Answer 22

parliament had to be called 1673 due to debts and obliged by treaty of dover to start third dutch war
parliament would support charles as long as he abandoned declaration of indulgence

Question 23

after declaration of indulgence climb down

Answer 23

attempt in commons to provide toleration for protestants, march 1673, lords rejected
test act passed 1673 = officer holders had to deny catholic doctrine
= resignation of james as lorxd admiral
resignation of Lord Treasurer Clifford

Question 24

how did charles respond to test act

Answer 24

appointed Thomas Osborne (earl of danby) as lord treasurer

Question 25

danby

Answer 25

impeccable Anglican
persued a foreign policy favouable to the dutch
marriage alliance between william of orange and mary (protestant daughter of james 2)
danbys actions angered members of the cabal (strict uniformity)

Question 26

what did the earl of shaftesbury do

Answer 26

formed an opposition to danby

= the Whigs

Question 27

popish plot

Answer 27

August 1678
Jesuit (catholic) plot to murder charles 2 and replace with brother,catholic james
brought by anglican priest Oates to london magistrate Godfrey
Godfrey found dead in london park
= story now believable?
correspondences were then found between james’ employee and jesuit/ french agents = story confirmed?!
sensationalised by broadsheets

Question 28

parliaments and oates’ reaction to popish plot

Answer 28

parliament accepted existence of the plot
oates able to accuse whomever he chose
political crisis had now emerged

Question 29

exclusion crisis when and between who>

Answer 29

1679-1681

Shaftesbury and his associates (to become whigs) vs Danby

Question 30

how exclusion crisis played originted

Answer 30

Danby = governed by bribery, subsidies from france, corruption
1678 - whigs moved to impeach danby (accused him of treason)
charles dissolves parliament
new parliament even more anti-danby (strong whig movement due to popish plot)

Question 31

what did new whig heavy parliament do

Answer 31

force charles to appoint new privy council selected by parliament
excludes catholic james from line of succesion
replace with charles’ illegitimate son the Duke of Monmouth (protestant)

Question 32

why did charles 2 have a problem with removing james fro line of succesion

Answer 32

DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS!!!

Question 33

how did the exclusion crisis play out

Answer 33

1679 - First Exclusion Bill passes the Commons but prevented from reaching the lords by Charles dissolving parliament
1680 - New parliament, another bill. king personally attends the lords = bill defeated. king hopes to delay until popish plot hysteria dies down
1681 - charles financially independent. can hold off calling parliament
calls next parliament in oxford
when shaftesbury tries to propose another bill charles arrests him on the grounds of treason

Question 34

rye house plot date

Answer 34

april 1683

Question 35

what was the rye house plot

Answer 35

november 1682 shafterbury = innocent but forced into exile
in desperation cromwellian, puritan soldiers concocted a plot to kill charles at rye house and replace him with monmouth
plot failed and soldiers arrested
provided necessary means to destroy remaining whig leaders

Question 36

political consequences following rye house plot

Answer 36

discredited whigs
allowed charles to avoid calling a parliament for the rest of his reign
directly contravined triennieal act
charles set about recalling and revising borough charters = controlled elections for a more compliant parliament in the future (absolutist tendencies)
was about 50% complete when charles died

Question 37

when did charles 2 die and who replaced him

Answer 37

1685
james 2 (catholic brother)

Question 38

big problem with james 2

Answer 38

CATHOLIC

Question 39

surprising events following james taking the throne

Answer 39

1685 parliament = cooperative as hysteria had died down from the surrounding plots
Monmouth launched a rebellion in dorset 16885 but received little support
monmouths army slaughtered and monmouth captured and executed

Question 40

why was james in a good position when he took the throne

Answer 40

Charles had left…
james had generous financial settlement from 1685 parliament
lack of support from monmouth = respect for kings hereditary rights
charles skillful handling of exclusion crisis = whigs reduced to very little
civil war = want for stability

Question 41

james’ primary aim when he took the throne

problem with this?

Answer 41

religious toleration
when parliament wouldn’t cooperate (equality for catholics = step too far), james acted like an autocrat using his prerogative powers, confirmed catholic autocratic fears

Question 42

1685 james issued…

Answer 42

personal dispensations to allow catholic army officers

Question 43

1686 to support james

Answer 43

Godden vs Hales case

judicial support for james to issue catholics dispensations for the army when necessary

Question 44

1687 james stepped too far…

Answer 44

New Declaration of Indulgence

freedom of worship to catholic and protestant dissenters

Question 45

problem with james wanting religious toleration

Answer 45

cousin = louis XIV was ruling autocratically in france and was actively persecuting non-catholics
had evoked Edict of Nantes in 1685 which had protected protestant rights

Question 46

further autocratic actions by james

Answer 46

-borough ccharters further remodelled and some catholics were appointed magistrates (in james’ eyes to balance society)
-ecclesiastical commission to act as court for church affairs (james used this to remove fellows from Magdalene College Oxford and replce with catholics - again for equality)
1688 - renewed declaration of indulgence ordering it to be read from every parish pulpit
-7 bishops arrested (for above), were acquitted
parliaments supremacy was being threatend
rights of property holders threatend
security of church threatend
ALL IMPORTANT GROUPS NOW WORRIED….

Question 47

final straw regarding james2

Answer 47

1688 second wife had a son = Catholicism now permanent?

Question 48

how william of orange was brought to the throne

Answer 48

letter politly inviting him to take the throne

signed by 7 signaturies representing all sections of political nation

Question 49

why did william accept the invitation

Answer 49

seemed support for william would be forthcoming as signatures represented such a large scope of society
invasion seemed to ensure survival of dutch republic against Louis XIV (also for this reason dutch authorities supported william)

Question 50

timeline from william landing in england to taking the throne

Answer 50

Torbay nov 1688 - landed
james hesitated - at this his supporters abandoned him
dec - william nearing london, james fled remembering what had happend to his father
was captured but let free
by abandoning the throne william could claim he had abdicated
= glorious, peaceful,bloodless revolution?