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Spring 2022 classes > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of skeletal muscle fiber

A

multinucleated, driven by activity and side, have phenotypes (I, IIa, IIx)

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2
Q

sarcolemma vs sarcoplasm

A

muscle fiber plasma membrane, muscle fiber cytoplasm

*both make up a muscle fiber

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3
Q

organelles in muscle fiber used in contraction

A

transverse tubules: conduct e- impulses
sarcoplasmic reticulum: channel parallel to myofibril and storage site for calcium
myofibrils

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4
Q

how are force and speed related and why is this important

A

inversely related; when more cross-bridges form (= greater force available), there is no change in the speed of the potential contraction)

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5
Q

what can increase the force of a muscle contraction

A

enzymes and catecholamines

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6
Q

what does the length of the muscle have to do with the number of cross bridges that can form

A

when a muscle is stretched, the active force decreases and passive force increase due to elasticity. when the muscle is at optimal length, it can form the highest number of cross bridges. this depends on the muscle itself

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7
Q

3 features of spinal cord that are unique

A

cervical enlargement, lumbar enlargement, dura matter and arachnoid matter; all of these help protect the spinal cord

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8
Q

where is cerebral spinal fluid found

A

b/w arachnoid and pia matter= subarachnoid space

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9
Q

what is epidural space and where is it found

A

fat, found b/w vertebrae and dura matter

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10
Q

what do lateral horns innervate

A

visceral organs within the ANS; efferent

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11
Q

what do dorsal horns innervate

A

sensory region= afferent

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12
Q

what do ventral horns innervate

A

ANS and skeletal muscle= efferent

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13
Q

what nervous system is voluntary

A

somatic; voluntary muscle movement

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14
Q

what are the 3 layers of protection of vertebrae

A

(inside) pia matter, arachnoid matter, dura matter (outside)

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15
Q

what is the name of the smallest contractile unit

A

sarcomere

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16
Q

where is the sarcomere found

A

from 1 z disc to another z disc

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17
Q

which muscle fiber type increases/changes with training

A

type IIa fibers

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18
Q

what type of muscle fiber does not change with exercise

A

type I fiber

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19
Q

what is cranial nerve 3 called

A

oculomotor

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20
Q

what is cranial nerve 10 called

A

vagus nerve

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21
Q

what is cranial nerve 9 called

A

glossopharyngeal

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22
Q

what is cranial nerve 7 called

A

facial nerve

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23
Q

what is the difference b/w ioniotropic and metabotropic receptors

A

ion: carries through an ion channel
metab: g protein w/ accessory

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24
Q

what stage of nREM sleep do sleep spindles form

A

stage 2

25
Q

what stage of nREM sleep do delta waves appear

A

stage 3 and 4

26
Q

are delta waves normally found in awake adults

A

no, if they are then it indicates possible brain damage

27
Q

where is the spinal cord found on the body

A

b/w and foramen magnus and T2

28
Q

what parts of the brain are involved in non-declarative memories

A

skills- basal nuclei, thalamus, prefrontal cortex, substantia nigra

29
Q

what parts of the brain are used for declarative memories

A

events/dates/etc basal ganglia, hipocampus, association cortex, cerebellum

30
Q

what brain waves have the highest frequency

A

beta

31
Q

what brain waves have low amplitude

A

alpha

32
Q

what brain waves have high amplitude

A

delta

33
Q

what brain waves are very irregular

A

theta

34
Q

what stage of sleep does dreaming occur

A

REM

35
Q

what stage of sleep do night terrors occur

A

nREM 4

36
Q

what part of the brain is in control of memory consolidation

A

hippocampus

37
Q

where is dopamine released and is related to non-declarative memory

A

substantia nigra- helps w/ reward and movement

38
Q

how is LTM activated

A

Ach is released from basal forebrain

39
Q

what binds to troponin

A

calcium

40
Q

what activates actin and myosin binding site

A

ATP binds to actin

41
Q

what happens when the muscle relaxes

A

tropomyosin blockage is restored and prevents further binding until Na binds again

42
Q

what are the 3 types of ionotropic receptors

A

thermo, electro, mechano

43
Q

types of metabolic

A

baroreceptor, proprioreceptor

44
Q

encapsulated vs unencapsulated receptors

A

specialized structures vs no specialized structures

45
Q

simple vs complex receptors

A

usually dendrites w/o specificity or protective structures

have specialized structure and function

46
Q

does the amount of blood going to the skeletal muscles increase or decrease when SNS is activated

A

decreases b/c extremities are seen as less important; which is why we can get fatigue

47
Q

are postganglionic fibers myelinated or unmyelinated

A

unmyelinated

48
Q

are preganglionic fibers myelinated or unmyelinated

A

myelinated

49
Q

what nervous system innervates blood vessels and sweat glands

A

sympathetic

50
Q

what nervous system innverates submandibular and sublingual glands

A

parasympathetic NS

51
Q

what happens if a muscle is longer than optimal length

A

actin and myosin are further apart and can’t make contact as well together to form cross bridges

52
Q

what happens if the muscle is shorter than optimal length

A

the actin and myosin heads have trouble binding together b/c can’t connect as easily

53
Q

how does the percentage of composure of satellite cells compare to the rest of the skeletal muscle

A

very small, about 15%

54
Q

what creates more myonuclei

A

satellite cells

55
Q

where are satellite cells located

A

basement membrane and plasma membrane

56
Q

where are myonuceli found

A

cytoplasm

57
Q

what do myonuclei do when muscle hypertrophy

A

increase the amount of protein, can also control the amount of cytoplasm

58
Q

EC coupling

A

sodium initiates action potential. calcium channels triggered, calcium binds to troponin, myosin attaches to actin, ATP is phosphorylized, calcium is removed, troponin blocks myosin sites and muscle fibers are removed

Spring 2022 classes (21 decks)

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