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Spring 2022 classes > medical conditions exam 2 > Flashcards

medical conditions exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

common causes of PUD

A

NSAID and h pylori

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2
Q

s/s PUD

A

burning pain, bloat, heartburn, dark stool

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3
Q

what s/s of a GI disease can mimic MS symptoms

A

PUD

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4
Q

tx PUD

A

PPI, H2 blocker, anti/probiotic

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5
Q

esophageal cancer types

A

SCC and adenocarcinoma

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6
Q

esophageal cancer def

A

malignant cells in esophagus

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7
Q

who is esophageal cancer more common in

A

men and older people

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8
Q

additional risk factors for esophageal cancer

A

barrett esophagus and GERD

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9
Q

s/s esophageal cancer

A

dysphagia, pain in sternum, indigestion

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10
Q

what organ secretes digestive enzymes

A

pancreas

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11
Q

what organ does most of the absorption in the GI system

A

small intestine

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12
Q

hepatitis A who is most effected

A

men 30-39, white, gay, homeless

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13
Q

which type of hepatitis had a big spike and outbreak in 2017

A

hep A

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14
Q

is there a vax for hep a

A

yes, and if you do get the disease you can get the vax and prevent further problems

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15
Q

what type of hepatitis is spread through oral-fecal contact

A

hep a

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16
Q

what type of hepatitis can be spread through childbirth

A

hep b

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17
Q

what is the most common cause of chronic hepatitis and liver cancer

A

hep B

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18
Q

what is the term for passing on a disease during child birth

A

vertical/perinatal

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19
Q

what type of hepatitis can you be an inactive carrier for

A

hep b

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20
Q

what is the procedure for pancreatic cancer to treat the tumor

A

whipple

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21
Q

when do s/s present for pancreatic cancer

A

after metastases

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22
Q

what is the most deadly and aggressive cancer

A

pancreatis

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23
Q

2 types of hep C

A

acute or chronic

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24
Q

how does hep c spread

A

blood infected and spreads

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25
Q

what can hep c lead to

A

cancer, cirrhosis, liver disease

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26
Q

what is the most common type of pancreatic cancer

A

adenocarcinoma

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27
Q

achalasia def

A

feeling full in the esophagus

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28
Q

cachexia

A

weight loss due to cancer

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29
Q

constitutional symptoms

A

fever, malaise, chills, sweats

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30
Q

does the enterric system work with the CNAS

A

no, it is it’s entirely own system that has its own controls within the body

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31
Q

possible reasons for n/v

A

chemo, tumor, motion sick, pregnancy, concussion

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32
Q

def diarhea

A

> 3x stool/ day or abnormal volume

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33
Q

c-diff transmission

A

oral-fecal route

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34
Q

c-diff effects what part of the body directly

A

lower intestine

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35
Q

s/s c-diff

A

foul odor, watery diahrea, cramping, urgency

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36
Q
A
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37
Q

who is most likely to get nosocomial infection

A

immunocompromised patient

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38
Q

where is fecal impaction most common

A

nursing home b/c sedentary and dehydrated so constipation is common

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39
Q

causes of intestinal obstruction

A

strangulated hernia, IBS, colon cancer

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40
Q

def intestinal obstruction

A

intestine is blocked to prevent passage of food so stomach contents leak into abdominal cavity

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41
Q

s/s dehydration

A

poor skin turgo, sunken eyes, orthostatic hypotension

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42
Q

def malnutrition

A

15-20% ideal body weight

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43
Q

what can cause dysphagia

A

neuro conditions, obstruction, trauma, muscle damage

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44
Q

hematemesis

A

upper bleeding caused by gastritis, PUD, or NSAID

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45
Q

def melena

A

black stool

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46
Q

hematochezia def

A

fresh blood in stool

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47
Q

s/s GI bleeding

A

weakness, SOB, anemia, orthostatic hypotension, fatigue

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48
Q

contributing factors of GERD

A

aging, alcohol, smoking, pregnancy

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49
Q

what can GERD look like

A

heart attack

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50
Q

drugs for GERD

A

nexium, peptic acid, prilosac

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51
Q

what side could you recommend your patient with GERD sleeps on

A

left

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52
Q

hiatal hernia def

A

upper stomach bulges through diaphragm into chest cavity

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53
Q

what disease is associated w/ esophageal varices

A

cirrhosis

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54
Q

s/s esophageal varices

A

black tarry stool, pale, feel faint

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55
Q

what can gastritis lead to

A

ulcer

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56
Q

what are the 2 types of gastritis

A

acute or chronic

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57
Q

gastoenteritis def

A

inflammation of mucosa layer caused by virus, bacteria, parasites

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58
Q

what is the 2nd most common type of illness

A

gastroenteritis (normal stomach bug)

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59
Q

small intestine disorders

A

malabsorption: celiac

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60
Q

large intestine disorders

A

IBD, IBS, colorectal cancer, diverticulitis

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61
Q

what is the job of the pancreas

A

regulate blood sugar and digestive enzymes

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62
Q

how is IBD diagnosed

A

blood test, stool sample, colonoscopy

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63
Q

what part of the GI tract does chron’s usually effect

A

ilium

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64
Q

what part of GI does ulcerative colitis impact

A

colon

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65
Q

s/s ulcerative colitis

A

cramp, arthritis, bleeding, liver disease, osteoporosis

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66
Q

how often do adults get colonoscopy

A

starting at 50 yo, every 10 years after

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67
Q

tx IBD

A

corticosteroids, sulfalazine, mesalamine, humira

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68
Q

what are some concerns with IBD

A

have many meds available but they all have side effects so people with IBD have decreased quality of life

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69
Q

colostomy vs colectomy

A

stool drains into bag at the skin layer, removal of entire colon

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70
Q

what can IBD present as MS

A

back, thigh, hip, knee pain

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71
Q

where is the liver located

A

RUQ

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72
Q

what generation are more likely to have hep c

A

baby boomers b/c they used to share needles

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73
Q

what is the pill for hep c

A

harvoni

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74
Q

what is the largest gland in the body

A

liver

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75
Q

where does liver get blood supply from

A

hepatic artery, portal vein, hepatic vein

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76
Q

functions of liver

A

fight infection, produce bile, detoxify, decompose RBC, store vitamins, produce urea

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77
Q

s/s liver problem

A

if the liver is palpable, yellow skin or eyes

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78
Q

what MS pain can indicate liver disease

A

R shoulder

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79
Q

will someone w/ liver disease need an increase or decrease in dose of mediciation

A

decrease b/c metabolizes slower and don’t want to create a toxic effect

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80
Q

s/s of cirrhosis

A

fatigue, weakness, loss of apetite

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81
Q

steps leading up to cirhosis

A

fatty liver > liver fibrosis > cirrhosis

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82
Q

how to prevent further liver disease

A

lifestyle changes, vax, no raw shellfish, decrease stress

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83
Q

if a patient comes to us with liver disease and says they’re tired today what should we do

A

let them rest, they need to rest

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84
Q

what liver test looks at nutrition

A

albumin

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85
Q

what do ALT and AST liver tests look at

A

liver enzymes

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86
Q

what is prothrombin time

A

clotting test for liver

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87
Q

what does organ donation compatibility depend on

A

blood type, size, age, when the person died

88
Q

what are the options for liver transplants

A

recently died: use entire liver, live donor: can use any part of the liver and it will regenerate on the living person in 6 weeks

89
Q

how many lives can 1 person save with organ transplants

A

8 lives

90
Q

who is not a candidate for liver transplant

A

HIV, alcohol abuse, cancer, lung disease

91
Q

endometriosis cause

A

unknown

92
Q

tx endometriosis

A

hysterectomy, oopharectomy, surgery, NSAIDs

93
Q

what hormone may contribute to endometriosis

A

estrogen

94
Q

who’s at risk for endometriosis

A

mother/sister/daughter has it, low BMI, heavy or early menstrual cycle

95
Q

renal cell carcinoma

A

most common type of kidney cancer

96
Q

what is a specific risk factor for renal cell carcinoma

A

von hippel lindau

97
Q

are men or women more likely to get renal cell carcinoma

A

men 2/3

98
Q

what is a specific symptom of renal cell carcinoma we should be aware of

A

constant side pain

99
Q

what is wilms tumor

A

childhood tumor kidneys

100
Q

what race is more at risk for wilms tumor

A

african americans

101
Q

what is the most common type of ovarian cancer

A

epithelial

102
Q

risk factors for ovarian cancer

A

BRCA1&2, obesity, FH, hormone therapy, endometriosis

103
Q

why is ovarian cancer so common and not found early on

A

older women stop going to the gyno when they get older which is when the cancer is most likely to be found

104
Q

functions of kidneys

A

regulate blood water levels, reabsorb useful substances, adjust electrolytes, excrete waste, release renin, EPO, calcitriol

105
Q

EPO function

A

create RBC and bone marrow

106
Q

renin function

A

regulate BP

107
Q

calcitriol function

A

maintain calcium levels for bones

108
Q

if kidneys aren’t functioning well what would you expect to happen

A

excessive creatine in the blood

109
Q

how should we keep BP for someone w/ kidney disease

A

BP <130/80

110
Q

at what point is kidney disease a real serious problem

A

<25% function

111
Q

SADH

A

excessive ADH that causes kidneys to retain water

112
Q

what type of SIADH is most common

A

SCC

113
Q

diabetes insipidus has how many types of kinds

A

4 types

114
Q

what does diabetes insipidus cause

A

kidney problems, metastatic lesion, injury to hypothalamus

115
Q

s/s diabetes insipidus

A

nocturia, fatigue, dehydration, polydispia

116
Q

how common is diabetes insipidis

A

very rare= large amounts of dilute urine

117
Q

how does diabetes insipdus relate to ADH

A

insufficient ADH

118
Q

what does endocrine system regulate

A

mood, growth and development, metabolism, sexual/reproductive function

119
Q

what type of glands are endocrine

A

ductless

120
Q

how do nervous and endocrine systems work together

A

glands produce hormones, hormones regulate organs and cells

121
Q

how do hormones maintain homestasis

A

feedback loops- keep regulating constantly

122
Q

what organ is the “brain of the brain”

A

hypothalamus

123
Q

what organ regulates body’s homeostasis and is located near the optic nerve

A

hypothalamus

124
Q

what organ produces hormones ADH and oxytocin that are released from pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

125
Q

how does pituitary gland secrete hormones

A

signal to glands to stop or start producing and releasing hormones

126
Q

what gland controls endocrine glands

A

pituitary gland

127
Q

what does the pitutary gland regulate

A

GH, prolactin, TSH, ACH, LH, FSH

128
Q

which part of the pituitary gland releases ADH and oxytocin

A

posterior

129
Q

what MS pain may be endocrine pathology

A

shoulder and carpal tunnel symptoms

130
Q

s/s endocrine pathology PTs may notice

A

weakness of muscle, atrophy, OA, adhesive capsulitis, synovial fluid

131
Q

general s/s endocrine dysfunction

A

changes in urine, hair changes, mental changes, vitals changes

132
Q

def iatrogenic

A

HC team did something to medically cause a problem

133
Q

acromegaly def

A

hypersecretion of GH in adults

134
Q

where is GH secreted from

A

anterior pituitary

135
Q

what is mostly effected by acromegaly

A

bones in face, jaw, feet, hands

136
Q

s/s acromegaly

A

amenorrhea, DM, profuse sweating, HTN

137
Q

what is tx for acromegaly

A

surgery to pituitary gland to decrease secretion of it

138
Q

gigantism def

A

overproduction of GH in children that stimulates growth of long bones

139
Q

diagnosis for pituitary tumor

A

blood/urine test, brain imaging, vision testing

140
Q

what 3 hormones are produced by adrenal cortex

A

aldosterone, cortisol, androgens

141
Q

what does cortisol do

A

help regulate body metabolism, has anti-inflammatory effects

142
Q

what is produced by adrenal medulla

A

catecholamines

143
Q

what is cushing’s syndrome

A

hyperfunction of adrenal gland, increased secretion of ACTH and cortisol by adrenal cortex

144
Q

2 types of cushing’s syndrome

A

iatrogenic and ACTH

145
Q

who is cushing’s disease more common in

A

women 8: men 1

146
Q

what does someone w/ cushing’s disease look like

A

face and torso fat, easily bruising, stretch marks, back hump

147
Q

cushing’s Pt considerations

A

muscle weakness, potential for fracture, back pain, poor wound healing

148
Q

addison’s disease is what type of insufficiency

A

PRIMARY> hypofunction of adrenal gland

149
Q

what is addison’s disease

A

decreased production of cortisol and aldosterone, usually autoimmune

150
Q

skin condition of addison’s disease

A

skin darkening due to melanocytes

151
Q

what is secondary adrenal insufficiency

A

dysfunction due to lack of pituitary ACTH

152
Q

adrenal insufficency s/s

A

dark skin, high potassium in blood, GI problems, loss appetite w/ weight loss

153
Q

what is a concern with corticosteroids

A

WBC don’t turn off production and causes damage to tissue

154
Q

thyroid cancer 4 types

A

papillary, follicular, medullary, anaplastic

155
Q

most common type of thyroid cancer

A

papillary

156
Q

is thyroid cancer inherited

A

yes, genetic influence, most common for asian women

157
Q

s/s thyroid cancer

A

change in voice, difficulty swallowing, lump on neck

158
Q

how has the rate of thyroid cancer changed

A

increase in number of cases but death rate stayed very low

159
Q

osteoporosis def

A

bone disease that causes weakness

160
Q

are men or women more at risk for osteoporosis

A

women

161
Q

can osteoporosis be stopped

A

yes, if caught soon enough it can be stopped

162
Q

what’s a main concern for patients with osteoporosis

A

hip fracture

163
Q

what does thyroid gland do

A

releases hormones to control metabolism

164
Q

what do thyroid hormones do

A

respiration, HR, body weight, muscle strength, body temp, cholesterol

165
Q

3 main thyroid hormones

A

thyroxine 4 and 3, calcitonin

166
Q

too much thyroid hormone does what

A

speeds up metabolic functions, too little do the opposite

167
Q

who’s more likely to have thyroid dysfunction

A

women more likely 5-8x

168
Q

why is thyroid disease difficult to diagnose

A

strong family history component and symptoms usually develop slowly over time

169
Q

what kind of hormone is TSH

A

tropic so it sends message to release other hormones

170
Q

if a patient has low TSH what does that mean about their thyroid function

A

likely hyperthyroidism, will be confirmed if FT3&4 are high

171
Q

if a patient has high TSH what does that mean for thyroid function

A

hypothyroidism, will be confirmed if FT3 and 4 are low

172
Q

what is the most common hyperthyroidism disease

A

grave’s

173
Q

what is goiter caused by around the world compared to in the US

A

iodine deficiency vs overproduction of thyroid hormone in glands

174
Q

what are T3 and T4 responsible for

A

regulating basal metabolism and increasing metabolic rate and protein synthesis

175
Q

what type of disease is grave’s

A

autoimmune

176
Q

hyperthyroid complications we may see

A

pain at shoulder, frozen shoulder, muscle weakness, tachycardia, bulging eyes, skin lesions

177
Q

what is an explicit sign of graves disease

A

exophthalmos: bulging eyes

178
Q

what drug is common for hyperthyroidism

A

tapazole and propranolol

179
Q

is hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism easier to treat

A

hypo b/c can give hormones to increase levels

180
Q

what can radioactive iodine do for thyroid cancer

A

gradual shrink tumor which will destroy the thyroid gland

181
Q

what are 2 parts of PT CI for someone w/ thyroid disease

A

hot pool/hot pack (be careful), strenuous exercise b/c risk for heart problems

182
Q

what is a major risk factor for graves disease

A

hip fracture

183
Q

what is the most common type of hypothyroidism

A

hashimoto’s thyroidits

184
Q

what happens to someone w/ hashimoto’s

A

thyroid is inflammted, auto-immune response, progresses slowly and is chronic

185
Q

what is myxedema

A

untreated hypothyroidism that can cause swelling of the face

186
Q

primary causes of hypothyroidism

A

hormone insufficiency, auto-immune disease, medications, congenital or iodine deficient

187
Q

secondary cause of hypothyroidism

A

pituitary gland disease

188
Q

where may someone w/ hypothyroidism experience pain

A

big toe= pseudo gout

189
Q

what does parathyroid gland regulate

A

calcium and phosphorus

190
Q

how many parathyroid glands do we have

A

4 glands located in the thyroid

191
Q

secondary causes of hyperparathyroidism

A

kidney failure, not enough calcium, vit D disorder

192
Q

s/s hyperparathyroidism

A

painful bones, renal stones, psychic moans

193
Q

primary cause of hypoparathyroidism

A

insufficient secretion of PTH or accidental removal of gland during surgery

194
Q

what can hypoparapthyroidism appear as

A

muscle weakness and pain, muscle spasm, cardiac arrhythmias

194
Q

treatment for hypoparathyroidsm

A

IV or oral calcium w/ vitamin D

195
Q

fasting glucose test levels

A

pre: <126, diabetes>126, normal <100

196
Q

not fasted glucose test results

A

pre=<200, <140 normal, >200 diabetes

197
Q

what type of diabetes produces more ketoacidosis

A

type 1

198
Q

what is the job of insulin in cells

A

gets glucose into cells and inhibits glycolysis

199
Q

average hypoglycemia level

A

<70 mg/dl

200
Q

dangerous level of hypoglycemia

A

<45 mg/dl

201
Q

is feeling sleepy associated w/ hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia

A

hyper

202
Q

systemic related conditions of diabetes

A

artherosclerosis, infection, poor wound healing, alzheimer’s

203
Q

what is a contraindication for someone w/ diabetic reinopathy

A

vigorous activity

204
Q

what is a concern with charcot joint

A

increase weight bearing where it’s not used to being

205
Q

anatomical and neurological changes with diabetes

A

thicker and stiffer tissue, increase in pain at low back, shoulder, neck, extremity, change in gait, change in pressure

206
Q

goal A1C for patients

A

<7%

207
Q

what med can mask hypoglycemia symptoms

A

beta blockers

208
Q

what types of drugs can help control sugar by increasing the insulin in the blood

A

sylfonylureas, insulin, meglitinides

209
Q

high intensity exercise for someone with diabetes

A

plasma glucose rises, less likely to have hypoglycemia during exercise, recovery is more challenging

210
Q

how often should someone w/ diabetes aerobically exercise

A

<2 days b/w activity

211
Q

what type of training should be performed first to prevent hypoglycemia

A

resistance training of all muscle groups

212
Q

what needs to be combined to help manage glucose of patient w/ exercise

A

balance of medications and carb intake

213
Q

if a patient doesn’t have ketones can they exercise

A

yes, they can do moderate exercise as long as they don’t have ketones

214
Q

what is a good range of pre-exercise glucose level to get started

A

90-250 mg/dl

Spring 2022 classes (21 decks)

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