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Spring 2022 classes > A&P exam 3 > Flashcards

A&P exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

how does lymph flow through the body

A

blood capillaries, interstitial space, lymphatic capillaries, vessels, trunk, duct, subclavian veins

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2
Q

what allows lymph to enter the lymph vessels

A
  • inter-endothelial junctions: 1-way microvalves made of endothelium and smooth muscle
  • permeability: not tightly joined, increases interstitial fluid to open valves
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3
Q

where are lymph capillaries located

A

everywhere except CNS, bone marrow, bones, teeth, cornea

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4
Q

when interstitial fluid pressure > capillary fluid pressure what happens

A

flap opens, lymph enters

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5
Q

when interstitial fluid pressure < capillary fluid pressure what happens

A

flap closes, doesn’t enter

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6
Q

do proteins enter lymph capillaries easily or hard

A

easily, but pathogens also enter easily

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7
Q

function of lymph nodes

A

cleanse lymph using macrophages to destroy microorganisms so they aren’t transferred through

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8
Q

where are lymph nodes activated

A

where dendritic cells bring back antigens to activate T cells

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9
Q

3 parts of lymph nodes

A

cortex: superficial, has dense cells
medulla: inner region w/ T and B cells
lymph sinuses: macrophages

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10
Q

what is found in germinal center

A

plasma cells and memory B cells

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11
Q

what is the largest lymph organ

A

spleen

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12
Q

what is mucosa associated lymphatic tissue

A

protects passages that are open to exterior; ex) tonsils

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13
Q

what makes up 1st line of defense

A

external membranes like skin and mucosa

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14
Q

lymphocytes

A

T and B cells that are main immune system warriors and protect against antigens

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15
Q

macrophages

A

activate T cells, phagocytize foreign substances

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16
Q

dendritic cells

A

capture, process, present antigens to T cells

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17
Q

reticular cells

A

produce fiber network that supports other cells in lymph tissue

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18
Q

is the immune system an organ system

A

no, it’s a functional system

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19
Q

what makes up 2nd defense

A

internal defenses that respond quickly

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20
Q

what are 2 parts of innate system

A

non-specific: 1st and 2nd line defense

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21
Q

what’s included in adaptive defense system

A

specific- 3rd line defense

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22
Q

does adaptive defense system have memory

A

yes, it does and we can build it

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23
Q

what’s included in innate defenses

A

skin, mucus, phagocytes, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial proteins, natural killer cells

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24
Q

what’s included in adaptive defenses

A

humoral immunity: B cells and cellular immunity: T cells

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25
Q

what are innate defense surface barriers

A

acid: inhibits bacterial growth
lysozymes: saliva, mucus, destroy bacteria
mucin: trap microorganisms
defensins: antimicrobial peptides

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26
Q

def natural killer cells

A

non-phagocytic defensive cells in blood and lymph that can kill cells before the adaptive immune system is activated

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27
Q

how do natural killer cells do their job

A

induce apoptosis on infected target cell, enhance inflammatory response

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28
Q

slide 29

A
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29
Q

benefit of inflammatory response

A

prevents spread of damaging agents, dispose cell debris, alert adaptive immune system, be ready for repair

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30
Q

what may be released as part of inflammatory response

A

cytokines, histamine, kinins, prostaglandis, leukotreines, plasma protein

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31
Q

2 types of phagocytes

A

macrophages: leave bloodstream in search of foreign substances
neutrophils: WBC becomes phagocytic after entering foreign substances

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32
Q

what do inflammatory chemicals do

A

dilate arterioles, increase capillary permeability, attract phagocytes

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33
Q

4 steps of phagocyte mobilization

A

leukocytosis: increase WBC
margination: phagocytes cling to inner wall
diapedesis: neutrophils flatten and squeeze through capillary walls
chemotaxis: draw neutrophils and WBC to injury site

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34
Q

what do antimicrobial proteins do

A

attack microorganisms directly to not allow for reproduction

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35
Q

what do larger vs smaller antimicrobial proteins do

A

larger: lytic enzymes to target cells
smaller: disrupt structure of cells

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36
Q

3 types of antimicrobial proteins

A

interferons, complement, transferrin iron-binding

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37
Q

what are interferons important for

A

interfere w/ viral replication of healthy cells, help fight cancer

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38
Q

what do alpha and beta interferons have

A

anti-viral properties, activate natural killer cells

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39
Q

what do gamma interferons do

A

enhance T cell activity, secreted by lymphocytes

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40
Q

3 types of effector proteins in complement system

A

classical, lectin, alternative

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41
Q

what does C3 turn into

A

opsonizes

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42
Q

what does C3a turn into

A

inflammatory response

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43
Q

which system are antibodies part of

A

adaptive

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44
Q

can innate immune system activate adaptive immune system

A

yes

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45
Q

what must third line defense be primed by

A

initial exposure

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46
Q

characteristics of 3rd line defense

A

antigen specific, systemic, memory

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47
Q

2 types of adaptive defense

A

humoral and cellular immunity

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48
Q

which cells attack target cells

A

direct lymphocytes

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49
Q

which lymphocytes are phagocytotic

A

indirect lymphocytes

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50
Q

what mediates humoral immunity

A

antibodies

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51
Q

what mediates cellular immunity

A

cells like lymphocytes

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52
Q

are incomplete antigens immunogenic

A

no, they are reactive but not immunogenic

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53
Q

are complete antigens reactive and immunogenic

A

yes they are both

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54
Q

do b lymphocytes have humoral response

A

yes

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55
Q

do t lymphocytes have cellular response

A

yes

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56
Q

do b lymphocytes secrete antibodies

A

yes

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57
Q

do t lymphocytes secrete antibodies

A

no

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58
Q

site of origin for b and t lymphocytes

A

red bone marrow

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59
Q

site of maturation for b lymphocytes

A

red bone marrow

60
Q

site maturation for t lymphocytes

A

thymus

61
Q

effector cells of b lymphocytes

A

plasma

62
Q

effector cells of t lymphocytes

A

cytotoxic and regulatory

63
Q

do b or t cells have memory formation

A

both cells do

64
Q

what do antigen-presenting cells do

A

engulf antigens and send signals for t cells

65
Q

class 1 vs class 2 MHC

A
66
Q

what is made of the innate system

A

(1) skin, mucus, membrane secretions, (2) phagocytes, natural killer cells, antimicrobial proteins, fever, inflammatory response

67
Q

what is made of the adaptive defense system

A

(3) humoral and cellular immunity of T and B lymphocytes

68
Q

what are antigenic determinants

A

immunogenic part of the antigen

69
Q

how many antigenic determinants can mobilize many lymphocytes

A

1 can mobilize many

70
Q

what do memory cells do

A

mount response in the future, are long lived, more exposure leads to faster response

71
Q

when do antibody levels peak for humoral memory cells

A

2-3 days after exposure

72
Q

what activates t cells

A

antigen presenting cells that bind to MHC complex

73
Q

cellular immunity primary response includes

A

helper cells: activate B cells
cytotoxic cells: directly attack/kill c ells
regulatory: dampen immune response

74
Q

when does immune response peak for cellular immunity

A

1 week

75
Q

are memory cells included in primary or secondary response of cellular immunity

A

secondary

76
Q

regulatory t cells function

A

dampen immune response, prevent autoimmune reaction

77
Q

memory cells function

A

respond to future attack

78
Q

b cells function

A

part of humoral response, have antibodies, mature in red bone marrow

79
Q

helper t cells function

A

cellular immunity, target intracellular pathogens, mature in thymus

80
Q

do b lymphocytes attack intra or extracellular pathogens

A

extracellular

81
Q

do t lymphocytes attack intra or extracellular pathogens

A

intracellular

82
Q

where do b cells become immunocompetent

A

red bone marrow

83
Q

where do lymphocytes soon to be t cells develop immunocompetence

A

thymus

84
Q

where do lymphocytes go after leaving red bone marrow

A

spleen, etc where they mature

85
Q

def checkpoint inhibitor

A

drugs that block checkpoint which allows immune system to attack cancer cell

86
Q

what is immunotherapy used for

A
87
Q

what does the complement system do

A

for both innate and adaptive it activates antibodies and lectins to prevent pathogens from pass ing through

88
Q

what activates complement proteins

A

pathogens or pathogen-bound antibodies that kill bacteria and other cell types

89
Q

where do t cells mature

A

thymus

90
Q

what does medulla of lymph node contain

A

b and t cells

91
Q

2 types of lymph tissue

A

diffuse: loose arrangement

lymphoid follicles: solid, tightly packed

92
Q

what activates t cells

A

macrophages

93
Q

what are the secondary lymph organs

A

peyer’s patch, appendix, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen

94
Q

where is MALT located

A

tonsils, peyer’s patch, appendix

95
Q

where do lymphatic vessels transport lymph to

A

cardiovascular system

96
Q

what’s the difference b/w lysozome and mucin

A

lysozomes use enzymes to destroy bacteria in lungs and tears, mucin trap microorganisms in respiratory tract, etc

97
Q

what are defensins

A

part of 1st immune response, antimicrobial peptides that control bacterial growth

98
Q

what are the first responders for innate response

A

phagocytes

99
Q

is completent system naturally active or innactive

A

innactive at rest

100
Q

3 types of phagocytes

A

macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils

101
Q

what do natural killer cells release

A

cytokines and cytoplasmic granules

102
Q

steps of phagocytosis

A

1) adherence of the pathogen/debris to phagocytic cell
2) pseudopods forms and wraps around the pathogen/debris
3) phagosome is formed by engulfed cell
4) phagosome and lysosome fuse forming phagolysosome
5) acidification/digestion of pathogen/debris in phagolysosome,
6) exocytosis

103
Q

function of hypodermis

A

anchors skin to muscle,

104
Q

is hypodermis a layer of the skin

A

not technically

105
Q

4 cell types of epidermis

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic cells, merkel cells

106
Q

keratinocytes def

A

produce keratin, most abundant, from stratum basale, mitosis

107
Q

how often does our epidermis regenerate completely

A

25-45 days due to regeneration of keratinocytes

108
Q

melanocytes

A

produce melanin. in stratum basale, protects from UV

109
Q

dendritic cells

A

phagocytes, immune system activator

110
Q

merkel cells

A

sensory receptor for touch

111
Q

what does thickness of epidermis layers depend on

A

exposure to friction

112
Q

what cells make up stratum basale

A

10-25% melanocytes, continuously dividing

113
Q

what is the prickly layer of skin made of mostly keratinoctes and dendritic cells

A

stratum spinosum

114
Q

where does keratinization begin

A

stratum granuolsum

115
Q

what is the water resistant layer of skin

A

stratum granulosum

116
Q

does stratum granulosum have blood supply

A

no blood supply

117
Q

what layer is only present in thick skin

A

stratum lucidum

118
Q

what is the thickest and outermost layer

A

stratum corneum

119
Q

what layer of skin do we shed regulatrly

A

stratum corneum

120
Q

which skin layer has glycolipids

A

stratum granulosum

121
Q

what type of tissue is papillary and why

A

loose, elastin, collagen to allow phagocytes to move freely, is superficial and enhances friction

122
Q

reticular layer purpose

A

give supporting strength

123
Q

what does hemoglobin do for skin

A

causes pinkish hue of fair skin

124
Q

what does carotene do for skin

A

causes yellow/orange color

125
Q

2 forms of melanin

A

brown/black or reddish yellow depending on where you live

126
Q

BMR def

A

energy cost of living, essential activities

127
Q

what factors influence BMR

A

age, gender, body temp, stress, thyroxine

128
Q

what is thyroxine used for

A

metabolic hormone, determines BMR, uses ATP to operate Na/K pump, consumes oxygen and heat production

129
Q

what is the metabolic hormone we need to know

A

thyroxine

130
Q

what hormones indicate hunger

A

ghrelin, glucagon

131
Q

what are neural signals mediated by

A

vagus nerve

132
Q

total metabolic rate

A

includes BMR, thermal effect of food, and physical activity

*amount of heat produced by all chemical reactions and work

133
Q

how much heat is lost insensible through evaporation

A

10%

134
Q

how does the hypothalamus help with thermoregulation

A

receives info from central thermoreceptors (core) and peripheral thermoreceptors (skin)

135
Q

what happens for infants to thermoregulate that’s different than adults

A

increase metabolic rate and thyroxine release

136
Q

heat loss thermoregulation mechanisms

A

bv dilation, enhanced sweating

137
Q

thermoregulation heat promoting mechanisms

A

shivering, increased metabolic rate, bv constriction

138
Q

hyperthermia

A

BT above 105 F

139
Q

heat stroke

A

neuro, physical, possible organ damage

140
Q

hypothermia

A

BT below 70F, shivering stopped

141
Q

compare humoral and cellular immunity

A 
humoral= antibody
cellular= cells attacking (lymphocytes)
142
Q

MHC I vs MHC II location

A

I: endogenous= inside cell
II: exogenous= outside cell

143
Q

how much of the stratum basale are melanocytes

A

10-25%

144
Q

where does energy lost as heat go

A

making bonds, muscle contraction, friction from blood flow

145
Q

what does leptin do

A

suppress appetite, suppress neuropeptide Y (enhances appetitie normally)

146
Q

def thermoregulation

A

ability to regulate CORE temp

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