11.02 Sleep

Question 1

describes any biological rhythm that takes one day to complete

Answer 1

circadian

Question 2

brain structure that controls the sleep-wake cycle; the hormones it regulates are also involved in body temperature, thirst, hunger, moods, and sex drive

Answer 2

hypothalamus

Question 3

the light-sensitive structure within the hypothalamus that acts as an internal clock, letting people know when to fall asleep and when to wake up

Answer 3

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Question 4

hormone secreted by the pineal gland, under the control of the SCN; though it is naturally occurring in the body, supplements can be used to treat jet lag

Answer 4

melatonin

Question 5

high levels of melatonin cause the body to __; low levels of melatonin cause the body to __

Answer 5

sleep; awaken

Question 6

brief “sidesteps” into sleep that last just seconds

Answer 6

microsleeps

Question 7

three benefits of sleep for the brain

Answer 7

• enhances synaptic connections
• strengthens memories
• increases the plasticity of the brain

Question 8

theory of sleep that states that sleep is a product of evolution that helps potential prey to avoid the active time of predators

Answer 8

adaptive theory of sleep

Question 9

theory of sleep that states that sleep is vital to the physical health of the body, it provides time for growth and repair

Answer 9

restorative theory of sleep

Question 10

two main stages of sleep

Answer 10

REM and NREM

rapid eye movement and non-rapid eye movement

Question 11

two characteristics of NREM sleep

Answer 11

• deeper, restful sleep

- muscle movement common

Question 12

five characteristics of REM sleep

Answer 12

• psychologically active
• dreaming
• little muscle movement (sleep paralysis)
• activation of the sympathetic nervous system
• occurs up to five times a night, in intervals of about 30 minutes

Question 13

test that is used during sleep studies to record the brain-wave activity of sleepers

Answer 13

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 14

four types of brain waves (that we’ve studied)

Answer 14

alpha, beta, delta, theta

Question 15

brain waves that occur when a person is awake and mentally active

Answer 15

beta waves

Question 16

brain waves that occur when a person is relaxed and drowsy

Answer 16

alpha waves

Question 17

brain waves that occur when a person is in a light sleep

Answer 17

theta waves

Question 18

brain waves that occur when a person is in a deep sleep

Answer 18

delta waves

Question 19

three stages of NREM sleep

Answer 19

N1, N2, N3

Question 20

characteristics of N1 sleep

Answer 20

drowsiness; theta waves; five minutes when body temperature drops, muscles relax, you lose awareness but are easily jarred awake

Question 21

characteristics of N2 sleep

Answer 21

light sleep; sleep spindles and K-complexes

Question 22

characteristics of N3 sleep

Answer 22

deep sleep; renewal and repair; immune system activated; growth hormone released; vital processes slow down; occurs several times in 30 minute stretches; large, slow delta waves

Question 23

EEG pattern that occurs during the N2 stage and might represent a vigilance system that can wake us up, if we are prompted by an environmental change (meaning the possibility of danger)

Answer 23

K-complex

Question 24

extreme muscle weakness that can occur during REM

Answer 24

atonia

Question 25

bad dreams, more common in children, often remembered upon waking

Answer 25

nightmares

Question 26

rare disorder in which people can act out nightmares because their voluntary muscles remain active during REM sleep

Answer 26

REM behavior disorder

Question 27

state of panic experienced during NREM sleep, more common in children, occurs during N3

Answer 27

night terrors

Question 28

an episode of moving around in one's sleep, more common in male children, occurs during N3

Answer 28

sleepwalking/somnambulism

Question 29

inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get good quality sleep; can result from physiological or psychological conditions

Answer 29

insomnia

Question 30

disorder that causes a person to stop breathing for 10 seconds or more during sleep

Answer 30

sleep apnea

Question 31

disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day, without warning

Answer 31

narcolepsy

Question 32

three psychological approaches to dreaming

Answer 32

- psychoanalysis - activation-synthesis hypothesis - activation-information-mode

Question 33

characteristics of the psychoanalytic hypothesis of dreaming

Answer 33

dreams are... - fulfillments of unconscious desires - highly symbolic, with certain elements having universal meanings - a way to examine early, buried memories - made of manifest (literal) content and latent (hidden) content

Question 34

characteristics of the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming

Answer 34

dreams are... - products of random signals coming from the pons - the brain's failed attempt to interpret the random signals by mixing them with our stored memories - a less realistic form of the thinking that we do during the day

Question 35

characteristics of the activation-information-mode model of dreaming

Answer 35

essentially restates the activation-synthesis hypothesis, but argues that how our brains assemble dreams is not entirely random, but the result of recent experiences during our waking hours