8.03 Infancy and childhood

Question 1

inborn, naturally occurring, does not have to be taught

Answer 1

innate

Question 2

an innate, involuntary behavior pattern that helps an infant to survive

Answer 2

reflex

Question 3

five reflexes in infants

Answer 3

• grasping
• startle
• rooting
• stepping
• sucking

Question 4

between birth and age three, the human brain __ in weight

Answer 4

triples

Question 5

most early brain growth is due to the formation of new __

Answer 5

synapses

Question 6

the loss of unused synapses, which are cleared to make way for functioning connections and cells

Answer 6

synaptic pruning

Question 7

infants can __ the difference between their own mothers’ milk and that belonging to other women

Answer 7

smell

Question 8

tastes preferred by infants

Answer 8

sweet and salty

Question 9

this sense in great in newborns, except that their auditory canals often have fluid

Answer 9

auditory

Question 10

least functional sense at birth

Answer 10

vision

Question 11

cells that are not well developed in a newborn’s retina

Answer 11

cones –> poor color perception and fuzzy vision

Question 12

cells that are reasonably well developed in a newborn’s retina

Answer 12

rods

Question 13

most preferred visual stimulus for an infant

Answer 13

human face

Question 14

experiment that proves infants possess depth perception

Answer 14

visual cliff

Question 15

typical sequence of motor milestones

Answer 15

• raise head (2-4 months)
• roll over (2-5)
• sit up with support (4-6)
• sit up without support (6-7)
• crawl (7-8)
• walk (8-18)

Question 16

Piaget’s term for a mental concept or framework

Answer 16

schema

Question 17

Piaget’s term for a child’s process of trying to understand new things in terms of the schemes they already possessed

Answer 17

assimilation

Question 18

Piaget’s term for the learning of new information that forces a child to alter his/her preexisting shema

Answer 18

accommodation

Question 19

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

Answer 19

1. sensorimotor (birth - 2 years)
2. preoperational (2-7 years)
3. concrete operational (7-12)
4. formal operational (12-adulthood)

Question 20

sensorimotor stage

Answer 20

coordination of senses with motor response, sensory curiosity and learning, language for demands and cataloguing, object permanence develops

Question 21

preoperational stage

Answer 21

symbolic thinking, use of proper syntax and grammar, expression of full concepts, imagination and intuition are strong, complex abstract thought is difficult, conservation develops, animism, egocentrism

Question 22

concrete operational stage

Answer 22

conservation fully develops, reversible thinking is possible, rational thinking takes over, still difficult to handle abstract concepts

Question 23

formal operational stage

Answer 23

theoretical, hypothetical, abstract, strategic thinking

Question 24

an understanding that an object exists, even when it is not in sight

Answer 24

object permanence

Question 25

the belief that anything that moves is alive, and even has human-like qualities

Answer 25

animism

Question 26

the inability to see the world from another person's perspective

Answer 26

egocentrism

Question 27

a tendency to focus on just one feature of an object, rather than taking all of its features into account

Answer 27

centration

Question 28

the idea that changing the appearance of something does not change its amount

Answer 28

conservation

Question 29

the inability to mentally reverse actions

Answer 29

irreversibility

Question 30

Russian psychologist who emphasized the importance of social and cultural interactions during development

Answer 30

Lev Vygotsky

Question 31

process during which the more highly skilled adult helps the learner in the beginning of the learning process, then withdraws help as the learner improves

Answer 31

scaffolding

Question 32

the difference between what a child could do alone, versus what she could do with the help of a teacher

Answer 32

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Question 33

five stages of language development

Answer 33

1. cooing (2 months) 2. babbling (6 months) 3. one-word speech (1 year) 4. telegraphic speech (18 months) 5. whole sentences (preschool)

Question 34

single words represent entire phrases

Answer 34

holophrases

Question 35

making vowel-like sounds

Answer 35

cooing

Question 36

a broad range of disorders, which cause problems in thinking, feeling, language, and social skills

Answer 36

autism spectrum disorder

Question 37

a set of behavioral and emotional characteristics, usually hereditary and lasting into adulthood

Answer 37

temperament

Question 38

babies of this temperament tend to follow regular schedules, adapt well to change, and are easily soothed

Answer 38

easy

Question 39

babies of this temperament usually have irregular schedules, dislike change, are loud, and tend to be crabby

Answer 39

difficult

Question 40

babies of this temperament tend to be quiet and slow to adapt to change, though they can gradually adapt to new people and situations

Answer 40

slow to warm up

Question 41

the emotional bond that forms between an infant and his/her primary caregiver

Answer 41

attachment

Question 42

researcher who measured and categorized the attachment of an infant to its caregiver

Answer 42

Mary Ainsworth

Question 43

four attachment styles identified by Mary Ainsworth

Answer 43

secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized-disoriented

Question 44

attachment style: explorative, distress when caregiver leaves, happy when s/he returns, seeks comfort when scared

Answer 44

secure

Question 45

attachment style: no distress when caregiver leaves, does not acknowledge caregiver's return

Answer 45

avoidant

Question 46

attachment style: distress when caregiver leaves, not comforted by his/her return

Answer 46

ambivalent

Question 47

attachment style: no attaching behaviors, often appear confused or nervous in presence of caregiver

Answer 47

disorganized-disoriented

Question 48

researcher who studied imprinting extensively by working with greylag geese

Answer 48

Konrad Lorenz

Question 49

process that occurs when infant animals attached themselves to or follow the first animal/person they see after birth, a critical period in development

Answer 49

imprinting

Question 50

researcher who demonstrated the significance of contact comfort in attachment, using surrogate mechanical mothers for rhesus monkeys

Answer 50

Harry Harlow

Question 51

the idea that one is separate from his/her surroundings

Answer 51

self-concept

Question 52

test that can be used to determine whether infants have any awareness of self

Answer 52

rouge test

Question 53

psychoanalyst who came to believe that social interactions were more important in development than Freud's emphasis on sex; he argued that development occurred in eight stages

Answer 53

Erik Erikson

Question 54

a turning point in personality, according to Erikson

Answer 54

crisis

Question 55

Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development

Answer 55

1. trust versus mistrust (infant) 2. autonomy versus shame and doubt (toddler) 3. initiative versus guilt (preschool) 4. industry versus inferiority (elementary school) 5. identity versus role confusion (adolescence) 6. intimacy versus isolation (early adulthood) 7. generativity versus stagnation (middle adulthood) 8. ego integrity versus despair (late adulthood)

Question 56

Erikson's stage: trust versus mistrust (infant)

Answer 56

Learn basic sense of trust, based on how one's needs are met. success: needs are met, develop a sense of trust in others failure: needs not met, develop a sense of mistrust in others

Question 57

Erikson's stage: autonomy versus shame and doubt (toddler)

Answer 57

Learn that one can control one's own actions. success: develop independence failure: self-doubt and shame

Question 58

Erikson's stage: initiative versus guilt (preschool)

Answer 58

Learn to take responsibility for one's own behavior, develop self-control. success: feel capable, develop sense of initiative failure: feel irresponsible, anxious, develop sense of guilt

Question 59

Erikson's stage: industry versus inferiority (5-12 years)

Answer 59

Learn new skills academically and socially, compare oneself to others to measure success. success: feeling of competence failure: sense of inferiority in comparison to others

Question 60

Erikson's stage: | identity versus role confusion (adolescence)

Answer 60

decide who one is, what one believes, what one wants to become as an adult success: able to define one's own values, goals and beliefs failure: remain confused about one's identity and might isolate themselves or "copy" others

Question 61

Erikson's stage: | intimacy versus isolation (early adulthood)

Answer 61

find a person with whom one can share their identity in an intimate relationship success: find someone and share values in an intimate relationship failure: isolation or loneliness

Question 62

Erikson's stage: | generativity versus stagnation (middle adulthood)

Answer 62

find a creative outlet, be productive and nurture the next generation success: productivity and creativity failure: stagnation, self-centeredness

Question 63

Erikson's stage: ego integrity versus despair (late adulthood)

Answer 63

come to terms with the end of life, reach a sense of acceptance of life as it has been success: able to let go of regrets, sense of completion failure: cannot let go of regrets, see death as coming too soon