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AP Psych 3 > 9.04-9.05 Stress > Flashcards

9.04-9.05 Stress Flashcards

1
Q

the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging

A

stress

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2
Q

stress-causing events

A

stressors

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3
Q

occurs when people experience unpleasant stressors

A

distress

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4
Q

beneficial stress that results from positive events that demand adaptation or change; the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being

A

eustress

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5
Q

an unpredictable event that happens on a large scale and creates a huge amount of stress

A

catastrophe

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6
Q

the two men who believed that any life event that required change, adaptation, or lifestyle adjustment would result in stress

A

Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe

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7
Q

Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe’s scale for measuring stress

A

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

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8
Q

the SRRS results indicate a link between stress and __ and __

A

illness and accidents

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9
Q

the daily annoyances that make up the bulk of the stress we experience

A

hassles

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10
Q

hassles are good predictors of __

A

short-term illnesses, such as headaches, colds, and backaches

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11
Q

the experience produced by urgent demands for a person’s behavior, coming from an outside source

A

pressure

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12
Q

most common form of pressure

A

time pressure

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13
Q

time pressure tends to decrease __ levels

A

creativity

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14
Q

occurs when a person is prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need

A

frustration

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15
Q

occur when a goal or need cannot be attained because of a person’s characteristics

A

internal frustrations

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16
Q

possible responses to frustration

A

persistence, aggression, displaced aggression, escape/withdrawal

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17
Q

continuing the efforts to get around the cause of the frustration

A

persistence

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18
Q

using actions meant to harm or destroy

A

aggression

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19
Q

taking out one’s frustrations aggressively on an available scapegoat; often directed at targets that are less threatening than the cause of a person’s frustration

A

displaced aggression

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20
Q

leaving the presence of the stressor, either by withdrawing psychologically or literally

A

escape

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21
Q

suggests that some form of frustration nearly always precedes aggression

A

frustration-aggression hypothesis

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22
Q

psychological escape into apathy, fantasy, or substance abuse

A

withdrawal

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23
Q

occurs when we find ourselves torn between completing desires or goals, can cause stress

A

conflict

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24
Q

conflict that typically does not cause much stress, because it requires a choice between two attractive goals

A

approach-approach conflict

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25
Q

stressful conflict between two undesirable choice

A

avoidance-avoidance conflict

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26
Q

a conflict generally involving one goal, and the decision to pursue it or not

A

approach-avoidance conflict

27
Q

a conflict that requires a decision between two goals/options, both with benefits and drawbacks

A

double approach-avoidance conflict

28
Q

a conflict that requires a decision between more than two goals/options, all with benefits and drawbacks

A

multiple approach-avoidance conflict

29
Q

division of the nervous system responsible for automatic, involuntary, and life-sustaining activities

A

autonomic NS

30
Q

two divisions of the ANS

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

31
Q

division of the ANS that reacts when the human body is subjected to stress

A

sympathetic

32
Q

three actions of the sympathetic NS

A
  • heart rate increases
  • digestion slows down
  • energy sent to muscles
33
Q

division of the ANS that returns the body to normal functioning after stress has ended

A

parasympathetic

34
Q

founder of the modern field of stress research

A

Hans Selye

35
Q

Selye’s name for the body’s sequence of physiological reactions to stress

A

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

36
Q

three stages of GAS

A

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

37
Q

GAS: activation of sympathetic NS; burst of energy; possible fever, nausea or headache

A

arousal

38
Q

GAS: stress hormones continue to be released; analgesia

A

resistance

39
Q

GAS: body’s resources gone; stress-related diseases may result; stressor ends and parasympathetic activity resumes

A

exhaustion

40
Q

two most common diseases that result from stress

A

ulcer and high blood pressure

41
Q

the nerve that normal alerts the brain when a pathogen has infected the body; the nerve is not active in the stress response, but the brain acts as though it has been stimulated by this nerve

A

vagus nerve

42
Q

stress hormone that interferes with the proteins that prevent cancer

A

adrenaline / epinephrine

43
Q

field that focuses on how our physical activities, psychological traits, and relationships affect our health and rate of illness

A

health psychology

44
Q

his cognitive-mediational theory of emotions explains why people who interpret a stressor differently can have different responses to it; he also identified a two-step process for assessing the degree of harm of a stressor, and how one should react to it

A

Richard Lazarus

45
Q

purpose of Lazarus’s primary appraisal

A

estimate the severity of the stressor and classifying it as a threat, a challenge, or a harm that has already occurred; at this stage, perceiving the stressor as a challenge, rather than as a threat, makes coping easier

46
Q

purpose of Lazarus’s secondary appraisal

A

estimate one’s ability to cope with a harmful stressor

47
Q

characteristics of the Type A personality

A

competitive, ambitious, workaholic, pressured to do well, easily upset

48
Q

characteristics of the Type B personality

A

easygoing, slow to anger

49
Q

the Type A personality trait most closely tied to disease

A

hostility

50
Q

characteristics of the Type C personality

A

tend to internalize anger, find it hard to express negative emotions, pleasant on the surface, experience despair and loneliness

51
Q

the disease most closely tied to the Type C personality

A

cancer

52
Q

personality type for Type A people who seem to thrive on stress, rather than letting it wear them down

A

hardy (H)

53
Q

people who tend to look for positive outcomes, generally live longer and have increased immune functioning

A

optimists

54
Q

his research found that optimists are more likely to take preventative health measures, experience less psychological stress, and that they are less likely to become depressed or fall prey to learned helplessness

A

Martin Seligman

55
Q

the lack of sufficient money to provide for the basic necessities of life; a significant stressor

A

poverty

56
Q

occurs when prolonged stress results in mental and physical exhaustion

A

burnout

57
Q

stress associated with adapting to a new or different culture; can result from having to deal with prejudice and discrimination

A

acculturative stress

58
Q

response to acculturative stress: one maintains a sense of his/her original culture, but also forms positive relationships with the new

A

integration

59
Q

response to acculturative stress: one abandons the old culture and complete adopts the new; leads to some stress, as culture is lost

A

assimilation

60
Q

response to acculturative stress: one rejects the new culture and maintains the old completely; can be very stressful, especially if the separation is forced by discrimination, rather than voluntary

A

separation

61
Q

individuals with few ties to the original culture or acceptance of the new

A

marginalized

62
Q

coping strategy: working to eliminate the stressor, or to reduce its impact

A

problem-focused coping

63
Q

coping strategy: changing the way one views or responds to the stressor

A

emotion-focused coping

64
Q

performing mental exercises to refocus attention

A

meditation

AP Psych 3 (26 decks)

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