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FHB > RENAL 01: INTRO TO RENAL > Flashcards

RENAL 01: INTRO TO RENAL Flashcards

1
Q

3 main (broad) goals of the kidney

A
  1. Maintain homeostasis
  2. Act as an excretory organ
  3. Act as an endocrine organ
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2
Q

In broad terms, how does the kidney help us maintain homeostasis

A

By making sure our balance of electrolytes and fluid is correct
Electrolytes examples include Na, K, Mg, Ca

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3
Q

In broad terms, how do the kidneys help us as excretory organs?

A

Ensures that substances which are in excess (I.e, those which would be taking us out of homeostasis) are removed from the body.

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4
Q

Does the bladder produce urine?

A

No

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5
Q

What are the two hormones that the kidneys produce (ex., how do kidneys act as endocrine organs)

A

Generation of renin and erythropoeitin

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6
Q

What is the outside casing of the kidney

A

Capsule

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7
Q

What is the capsule?

A

The outside casing of the kidney

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8
Q

What is the most superficial internal layer of the kidney, where the glomeruli of nephrons are all located?

A

The cortex

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9
Q

What is the cortex

A

The most superficial inner layer of the kidneys, where the glomeruli are locaed

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10
Q

What is the layer of the kidney marked by pyramidal, darker structures in the middle?

A

Medulla

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11
Q

What is the medulla of the kidney?

A

The layer further in which is darker and has pyramidal type shape.

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12
Q

What are the minor calyces?

A

These are the primary limbs that are coming out from the kidney to bring waste into the ureter

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13
Q

What are the primary limbs that are coming off of the kidneys to bring urine into the ureter?

A

The minor calyces

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14
Q

What do many minor calyces meet in?

A

A major calyx

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15
Q

What is a major calyx?

A

A drainage point where many minor calyces meet

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16
Q

What is the pelvis of the ureter?

A

A turning point after the major calyx that marks the moment that the ureter will be descending toward the badder

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17
Q

What is the turning point after the major calyces that mark the point at which the ureter will be descending toward te bladder?

A

The pelvis of the ureter

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18
Q

What are the two main parts of a nephron?

A

The vascular portion (the glomerulus) and the tubular portion (renal tubule portion)

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19
Q

What is the basic fundamental unit of a kidney?

A

the nephron
each kidney has about a million of the fuckers

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20
Q

Blood comes into the glomerulus of the nephron from the ____ arteriole; blood then leaves via the _____ arteriole

A

Afferent arteriole
Efferent arteriole

(A–>E)
(E for Exit)

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21
Q

The afferent arteriole brings blood to what structural part of the nephron

A

The glomerulus; goes into the glomerular capillary bed

22
Q

What are the two kinds of nephrons

A

Cortical nephrons
juxtaglomerular nephrons

23
Q

proximal and distal convoluted tubules have a lot of mitochondria. Why is this important?

A

They need a lot of energy to transport substances across concentration gradient

24
Q

Where does ultrafiltration begin?

A

The glomerulus

25
Q

What is the macula densa?

A

By the distal convoluted tubule, this allows the glomerulus to know what’s going on further in the nephron

26
Q

Mesangial Cells

A

Cells that macula densa communicate to the glomerulus with - these are modified smooth muscle-type cells that allow for constriction which would decrease the flow by decreasing radius

27
Q

What are the glomerular capillaries like? How do their unique properties allow for filtration?

A

They have fenestrations (big holes), which allow for increased filtration of shit through, but it’s selective due to podocytes (foot processes of cells which act as a macromolecular filter) as well as a negatively charged basement membrane (repels proteins)

28
Q

Cortical nephrons

A

Superficial nephrons 85% of nephrons

Loop of henle is short and does not penetrate further than the inner stripe of the outer medulla.

They have vascularization from peritubular capillaries and are very mportant for the reabsorption of salt and water

29
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons

A

15% of total nephrons

Long ass loop of henle, penetrates into the inner medulla

Vascularization is different from cortical neurons; efferent arterioles go into vasa recta

Essential for urine concentration

30
Q

Cells of proximal and distal convoluted tubule have an excess of what organelle and what structure? What does that tell you about their functions?

A

They have an excess of mitochondria and some villi folding on the outside (especially the proximal tubule for both). This is mportant and says they’re involved in reabsoprtion.

31
Q

JGA (juxtaglomerular apparatus)

A

Secretory structure in initial part of distal convoluted tubule, in contact with glomerulus

Composed of Juxtaglomerular cells, macula densa cells, and extraglomerular mesangial cells

It is important for the autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate and renal flow

32
Q

Jobs of extraglomerular mesangial cells?

A

Contraction to influence glomerular filtration rate (reduce flow by contraction)

Secrete ECM as well as cytokines and prostaglandins (the latter of which are important in vasodilation)

33
Q

What is different from renal vasculature compared to other organs in the body? (3)

A

TWO sets of arterioles (afferent, efferent)

TWO sets of capillaries (glomerular, peritubular)

MANY parallel pathways - this means that total renal vascular resistance is quite low

34
Q

Renal blood flow (mL/min)

A

1,200 mL/min

35
Q

Renal plasma flow (mL/min)

A

660mL/min

36
Q

Why is renal plasma flow lower than renal blood flow

A

Hematocrit accounts for 45% of the blood flow

37
Q

Normal GFR (mL/min)

A

120-125mL/min

38
Q

Filtration fraction - what is it (number-wise) and how is it determined?

A

Amount that is filtered by the gloermulus, divided by renal plasma flow ; everything else is goign out the efferent arteriole

20%

GFR/RPF

39
Q

What about the structure of efferent arterioles makes sure the glomerulus favors filtration?

A

They are smaller in diameter than the afferent arterioles

40
Q

Which receives more SNS innervation?

A

Afferent arterioles

41
Q

Are the kidneys subject to PSNS stimulation?

A

No

42
Q

What is the sympathetic nerve plexus that innervates the kidneys?

A

Celiac plexus

43
Q

What are the structures in the kidney itself that are innervated by ANS? What part of the ANS?

A

SNS only

They are the proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct

Purpose is to enhance sodium reabsorption in these nephron segments

44
Q

Things which should b absolutely absent in blood

A

Glucose

amino acids

protein

blood

ketones

leukocytes

billirubin

45
Q

Color of urine depends on what?

A

fluid vs solute (concentration of solutes per unit volume)

46
Q

Equation which describes renal excretory processes

A

F + R = S + E

What goes in, must come out

47
Q

Filtration

A

Process by which ater and solutes in blood exit vasculature and pass through the barrier of the capillary holes to enter bowman’s space - this movement from gomerular capillaries into bowman’s space is passive filtering.

48
Q

Rebsorption

A

When substances move from tubular lmen across cell into peritubular capillaries. This is an active, pumping process. We don’t want eerything to be excreted after it is filtered, therefore we pull some shit back into the blood

49
Q

Secretion

A

Process of moving substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular (PCT, DCT or CD) lumen (this is active pumping

Some things won’t be filtered out in the glomerulus, but must be secreted and excreted. This is the process of moving shit from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular region and is an active proces

50
Q

Excretion

A

Process of moving substances from renal papilla to renal calyces into the pelvis of ureter and then into the urinary bladder

FHB (54 decks)

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