Endocrinology 9- Non-classical endocrine glands

Question 1

Important nonclassical endocrine glands to know (4)

Answer 1

Kidney, heart, liver, GI

Question 2

Ghrelin

Answer 2

Produced in stomach, signals brain when you are hungry - this is inhibited by stetech, when stomach is full and distended, ghrelin is not released, but as you get hungry stomach shrinks and as muslces contract, ghrelin is released

Question 3

Serotonin

Answer 3

95% released in stomach, helps SM contraction along gi tract

Question 4

Renin

Answer 4

Glycoprotein produced by JGA cells in afferent arterioles of kidney - important regulator of arteriolar diameter by kickstarting RAAS pathway

Question 5

Erythropoietin

Answer 5

Released by kidney, stimulates proerythroblasts to differentiate into RBC’s. Regulated by anemia, thyroid hormone, hypoxia (high altitude) norepinephrine, androgens stimualte and estrogens inhibit)

Question 6

ANP and BNP

Answer 6

Natriuretic peptides released in response to stretch - heart senses high volume. Targets kidney, vessels, cell proliferation, NS, and adrenal cortex

Question 7

ANP/BNP on kidney

Answer 7

Decrease renin release in JgA cells. Decrease in afferent arteriole tone, increase GFR, promote diuresis,

Question 8

ANP/BNP effect on vessels

Answer 8

decrease in vascular resistance of periphery but increases vascular tone in kidney

Question 9

ANP/BNP affect on cns

Answer 9

release of ADH

Question 10

3 main regulators of blood pressure

Answer 10

ADH/AVP
ANP/BNP
Aldosterone

Question 11

integrated response of ANP/BNP, AVP, and aldosterone

Answer 11

Circulatin volume is sensed by liver, aortic arch, carotids, heart, lungs, and CNS. If there is lower circulating volume, brain immediately is activated and magnacellular neurons in PVN/SON activate release of AVP to bring in more water. SNS is activated, renin released, and aldosterone released. You get changes to increase blood volume.

With low blood volume, atria is going to be inhibiting ANP/BNP release as well.

In hypertension, everything happens in opposite

Question 12

PCBs compete with what hormone?

Answer 12

Thyroid hormone – cmepete with binding to transport protein. The result is increased breakdown of thyroid hormone and compensitory excessive production by thyroid gland, as well as goiter. Cancer, immune function suppression, reduced sperm count, and neurological deficits are also a problem

Question 13

Diethylstilbestrol

Answer 13

nonsteroidal synthetic estrogen used in cattle feed and given to pregnant wmen in the mid 1900s - now seen to have increase in cervical and vaginal cancers

Question 14

are there increased estrogins from birth control in water at college campuses?

Answer 14

No but there are other estrogenic compounds in the water

Pesticides
estrogens given to livestock
industrial chemicals like bisphenol A (BPA)

Question 15

BPA

Answer 15

Estrogenic compound used in food packaging, toys, lining of canned foods, and beverages. Everone is exposed all the time

Question 16

physiological consequences of BPA

Answer 16

estrogenic; obesogenic and diabetogenic due to altering lipid homeostasis and pancreatic beta cell function. Neurological, cardiovascular, reproductive, and thyroid effects are also possible