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Module 11 Richard > 11.10 Fuel Systems > Flashcards

11.10 Fuel Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What ATA chapter is Fuel Systems

A

ATA 28

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2
Q

What type of fuel are turbine engine fuels

A

Kerosine type fuels, similar to diesel

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3
Q

What are the 4 most common fuel types used on modern aircraft

A
  • Jet A
  • Jet A1
  • Jet B
  • JP5
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4
Q

What is the most common fuel for jet aircraft in Europe

A

Jet A1

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5
Q

What makes Jet A1 reasonably safe to handle

A

It has a high flash point and a low freezing point

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6
Q

What is the flash point and freezing point of Jet A1 Fuel

A

Flash point = +38 Celsius

Freezing point = -47 Celsius

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7
Q

What is Jet B Fuel usually used for

A

Military aircraft

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8
Q

What are the main requirements for turbine fuels

A
  • A low freezing point and a low enough flash point to have good ignition capabilities but still safe enough for handling
  • A low tendency to vaporise at high altitude
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9
Q

What is the required minimum freezing point for turbine fuel

A

At least -40 Celsius

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10
Q

What is the flash point of a fuel

A

Lowest temperature which a fuel creates enough vapours to build a fuel/air mix to be ignited

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11
Q

Why is high volatility of fuel an advantage

A
  • Desirable for engine starts in cold weather
  • Eliminate vapour lock
  • Reduce fuel loss due to vaporisation
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12
Q

What is the density of Jet A1 and Jet A fuel

A

They are the same at 0.81kg/ltr at a temperature of 15 Celsius

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13
Q

What are the two ways fuel carries water

A
  • Can dissolve in fuel
  • can settle on fuel

It is generally visible as small bubbles or water droplets

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14
Q

What is the most common way to test for dissolved water in fuel

A

A syringe of fuel is taken and chemically tested

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15
Q

What does the fuel storage system consist of

A

Fuel tanks, the tank drain system and the tank vent system

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16
Q

What is the purpose of surge tanks

A

To ensure the tanks are properly ventilated

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17
Q

What are the most common types of tank on modern aircraft

A

Integral tanks

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18
Q

What is used in fuel tanks to dampen the effect of fuel sloshing around

A

Ribs in the wing and non sealed divider walls in the centre tank

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19
Q

What type of valve is used to prevent the fuel boost pumps from running dry

A

Flap baffle check valve

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20
Q

What is done to fuel tanks in critical areas as a safety precaution

A

They are ventilated by passing air around the fuel tank and then releasing the air into the atmosphere carrying away fuel leaks and vapours

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21
Q

How is the stabiliser tank ventilated

A

With RAM air

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22
Q

What is use to indicate if there has been a fuel leak

A

A leak monitor

It is a spur pipe connected to the drain valve

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23
Q

Where are drain valves located on fuel tanks

A

The bottom

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24
Q

What are the 2 types of drain valve

A

Direct drain valve and indirect drain valve

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25
Q

How are drain valves operated

A

For safety reasons they are usually operated manually

If they are in a hard to reach place they can be operated electrically

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26
Q

Where would water scavage systems be used

A

In large fuel tanks where large amounts of water would be expected

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27
Q

How do the water scavage systems remove water from the tanks

A

By the means of the tank boost pumps, most of the water will get mixed with the fuel and go to the engines and the remainder will go to the jet pump

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28
Q

How is fuel normally removed from a tank

A

By gravity

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29
Q

What is the purpose of the fuel tank vent system

A

To protect tanks against overpressure and negative pressure

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30
Q

What would be found inside the vent surge tank

A

The NACA intake and overpressure relief valves

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31
Q

What is the purpose of the NACA ducts during flight

A

They draw in air and the air acts as a cushion on the fuel which reduces vaporisation

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32
Q

What happens if dangerous levels of pressure occur in fuel tanks

A

Pressure release valves open to prevent structural damage

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33
Q

What are the two types of fuel tank pressure relief valve

A

Spring type or carbon disk

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34
Q

What does the refuelling system consist of on an aircraft

A

Pipes, valves controls and indicators

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35
Q

What are the two methods of fuelling

A

Pressure and gravity

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36
Q

What functions can be had on a refuelling panel.

A

Refuelling and defuelling and manual transfer of fuel between the tanks

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37
Q

What is the biggest disadvantage of gravity fuelling

A

The long time it takes to fuel

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38
Q

When pressure fuelling what pressure would fuel be pumped at

A

50PSI

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39
Q

What is the refuelling manifold

A

A long pipe which connects all of the tanks

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40
Q

What are the 3 modes of pressure re fuelling

A

Manual, automatic and override

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41
Q

If in manual refuelling mode what must be done prior to refuelling

A

You must calculate the fuel distribution

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42
Q

When is the override fuelling mode used

A

If electrical power to the refuelling valves is not available

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43
Q

What unit is fuel usually indicated in on a refuelling panel

A

In kilograms

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44
Q

Where does normal refuelling power come from

A

Ground power or APU

Alternatively the battery can be used

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45
Q

What are volumetric top-off systems used for

A

They are a failsafe to prevent tanks from being overfilled. Ones the tank is full they will cut the power to the tank valve

Alternatively high level sensors are installed

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46
Q

What do the refuelling couplings incorporate

A

Spring loaded check valves which prevent fuel leaks

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47
Q

During flight which tank empties first

A

The centre tank

48
Q

What are solenoid operated refuelling valves used for

A

Fail safe

49
Q

What is a diffuser

A

The diffuser is made up of a perforated tube that allows fuel to exit the manifold. The baffle on top of the diffuser direct the fuel flow downwards

50
Q

What can diffusers also be called

A

Distribution manifolds

51
Q

What is the main purpose of the fuel feed system

A

Ensure proper fuel supply to engines and APU

52
Q

How many boost pumps must there be for each consumer in the fuel feed system

A

2

53
Q

What are fuel scavage systems used for

A

To reduce the amount of non usable fuel in fuel tanks

54
Q

What are the 3 methods of fuel management

A
  • Through pressure. Some pumps will be pumping at a higher rate than other to empty that tank first
  • Another is computer controlled (modern aircraft)
  • The last is pressure and computer controlled
55
Q

Where are the controls for the fuel feed system found?

A

The centre overhead panel for easy operation for the pilot

56
Q

Where the controls for the fuel feed shut off valves found

A

On the engine fire panel

57
Q

How is fuel feed managed on modern aircraft

A

It is done automatically, done by pressure/ electronically controlled

58
Q

What are the two methods of pressure controlled fuel feed

A
  • high pressure pumps

- Sequence valve

59
Q

What are the two different types of fuel boost pumps used on aircraft

A

High and low pressure

60
Q

On aircraft using the same type of boost pump in the same tank what would be used to give different output pressure

A

Pressure reducing devices

61
Q

What are high pressure output pumps also called

A

Override and jettison pumps

They deliver twice as much pressure as standard pumps

62
Q

What are sequence valves used for

A

They are installed on the pump outlets of some of the standard boost pumps and reduce their output pressure

63
Q

In the taxing phase (first phase) what tank feeds all engines

A

The centre tank

64
Q

The second flight phase is take off, what happens to fuel delivery at this point

A

As the flaps come down on take off this initiates the second phase of flight and the boost pumps go from being on standby to on and each engine is supplied from an individual tank

65
Q

When is cruise feed activated?

A

When take off has completed and the flaps have been retracted

66
Q

During the cruise feed stage what fuel pumps are suppling the engines

A

The double capacity override and jettison pumps

67
Q

Why is fuel transfer in flight limited

A

As it would have an effect of the centre of gravity

68
Q

How many transfer valves are in each tanks

A

There are 2 for safety reasons both with independent power supply

69
Q

What is the most common method of fuel scavage system

A

Jet pumps

70
Q

What is the second most common way of fuel scavenging

A

Electrically driven scavage pumps

71
Q

What is the fuel used to cool on the aircraft

A

The engine oil and through bypass valve to the IDG

72
Q

Where are the fuel boost pumps found?

A

Outside of the tank on the front or rear spars or found in explosion proof canisters inside the tank

73
Q

What do pumps generally consist of

A

They are mostly impeller type pumps and consist of an AC motor that drives the impeller

74
Q

How is it possible to remove fuel boost pumps from their canisters whilst the fuel tank is still full?

A

A special removal valve is used which shuts off the fuel inlet as the pump is pulled out of the canister

75
Q

What are the two methods of defuelling an aircraft

A
  • Pressure defuelling

- Suction defuelling

76
Q

What type of pressure do the boost pumps run at on defuelling

A

25-50 psi

77
Q

What is the preferred method of defuelling an aircraft

A

Pressure defuelling

78
Q

What is the minimum suction required for defuelling

A

10-15psi

79
Q

What is 1 major disadvantage of suction defuelling

A

It is difficult to defuel 1 tank and not the other

80
Q

What components are used during fuel transfer

A
  • Fuel boost pumps
  • Fuel feed manifold
  • Defuelling or defuel transfer valve
  • The refuelling manifold
81
Q

Can defuelling be done in automatic or manual mode

A

MANUAL mode only

82
Q

How is fuel saved due to the trim tank system

A

As the trim tank reduces aerodynamic drag in flight

83
Q

How is the aircrafts actual centre of gravity determined

A

The manufacturer determines the actual centre of gravity

Loading and refuelling however affects centre of gravity

84
Q

For safety reasons what calculates the centre of gravity

A

The Flight Management Computer (FMC)

85
Q

For additional safety reasons where would you find the target centre of gravity

A

Approx 2% forward of the certified aft limit of the aircraft

86
Q

What is the fuel jettison system used for

A

It allows the pilot to dump fuel prior to landing to prevent a heavy landing

87
Q

What are the main components in the jettison pumps

A

Fuel boost pumps or special jettison boost pumps

88
Q

What do the jettison nozzles ensure when fuel dumping

A

That the fuel remains in a non vaporised compact flow so it drops quickly away from the aircraft

89
Q

What are the special jettison nozzles called

A

Anti corona outlets

90
Q

What safety precautions are in place to prevent accidental fuel dumping through the jettison system

A

There are switches on the overhead fuel panel to first arm the jet pumps and separate ones to commence fuel dumping

91
Q

What main safety feature is adopted when installing fuel jettison pump inlets in fuel tanks

A

The inlets are installed above the floor of the tank so there will always be an amount of fuel left in the tanks and the pumps will continue to jet fuel until the pumps run dry

92
Q

What are the Boeing and Airbus systems used for fuel monitoring

A

ECAM and EICAS pages

93
Q

How is fuel quantity indicated (units)

A

In mass i.e kilograms or tons

94
Q

What are the main features of fuel quantity probes in a fuel tank

A

The amount of probes vary in size and quantity depending on the size and shape of the tank. The probes are installed vertically and reach from the top to the bottom of the tank

95
Q

What do the fuel quantity probes consist of

A
  • Two thin walled aluminium alloy tubes
  • Installed coaxially and electrically isolated from each other to form a capacitor
  • Each probe also consists of a terminal block which contains the electrical connection and the mounting brackets which fix the probe to the tank
96
Q

Can the fuel quantity computer calculate the fuel levels of 1 probe is faulty

A

Yes

97
Q

In order to calculate the fuel mass of a tank very accurately the computer needs additional information to the information given from the probes, what is this

A

The density and dielectric constant of the fuel

This is given by the fuel characteristic sensors

98
Q

What are the two fuel characteristic sensors called in each tank and what is the location on the sensors in the tank

A

A Compensator and a Densitometer

They are located in the bottom of the tank so that they are covered in fuel for as long as possible

99
Q

What does the densitometer measure

A

The density of the fuel

100
Q

As a percentage what is the fuel accuracy usually

A

Typically over 99%

101
Q

What are 3 widely used examples of fuel level sensor

A
  • A float switch
  • Thermistor type sensor
  • Single point sensor
102
Q

How does the thermistor type fuel sensor work

A

Uses the thermal conductivity of fuel and air to detect the fuel level

103
Q

What is used to measure fuel temperature

A

A thermistor is used to measure fuel temperature

104
Q

How would you measure the fuel quantity or levels with out using the electrical sensors

A

Measuring sticks or drop sticks and magnetic level indicators

105
Q

What are the 3 main methods of determining aircraft attitude on the ground?

A
  • The inclinometer method
  • The plumb method
  • The attitude monitor method
106
Q

How does the inclinometer attitude detector work

A

Essentially like a spirit level

107
Q

How does the plumb attitude method work

A

A plumb is attached on the wheel well and a measurement is taken from the scale

108
Q

What 4 main things would you need to know when taking a manual fuel reading

A
  • The aircraft attitude
  • The measuring stick number
  • Stick reading
  • The fuel density checked with a hydrometer
109
Q

What 3 categories are there for fuel handling safety procedures

A
  • Fire prevention
  • Fire extinguishing
  • Personnel safety
110
Q

What is one main maintenance task never to be carried out during refuelling

A

Topping up of oxygen bottles

111
Q

What are the two main personnel hazards with working with fuels

A

Vapour inhalation and fuel on skin

112
Q

What heat sources may inflame a fuel/air mixture

A
  • Electric switching
  • HF transmission
  • Weather radar operation
  • By metal parts like tools being stuck together
  • By electric static discharge
    NOTE: During refuelling an electric static charge is created
113
Q

When entering fuel tanks what is the clothing made from that you are required to wear

A

Cotton

114
Q

How many people are required minimum for fuel tank entry

A

Minimum 2 or more

115
Q

What are the 3 categories of fuel tank entry

A

Cat 1 - Has a direct access door, access by head and shoulders only

Cat 2 - Has direct access and wide enough to fit entire body

Cat 3 - No direct external access door, but there are internal openings which allow you to get in and wide enough for rescue if necessary

116
Q

What are the two tests that must be performed before automatic refuelling commences to ensure the system is operating correctly

A
  • The quantity indicator test

- High level test

Module 11 Richard (19 decks)

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