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Module 11 Richard > 11.5.1 Instument Systems/ Avionic Systems > Flashcards

11.5.1 Instument Systems/ Avionic Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the most important basic flight instruments located

A

The Basic T

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2
Q

What is not a part of the basic T but located bottom right to it

A

Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)

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3
Q

Hat is top right of the basic T

A

Altimeter - Indicates altitude of aircraft above sea level

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4
Q

What is top left of the basic T

A

Airspeed indicator - Shows speed which is a reference for all aerodynamic parameters influencing aircraft lift, drag and manoeuvrability

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5
Q

What is top middle of the Basic T

A

Artificial horizon - or attitude indication is integrated in the Attitude director indicator (ADI)

Shows pitch and roll altitude in relation to the horizon

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6
Q

What is bottom middle of the basic T

A

Compass or heading indication - Integrated in the Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)

Shows the direction of the aircraft on the longitudinal axis in relation to magnetic north

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7
Q

Apart from those in the basic T what additional flight instruments are there

A
  • Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)
  • Mach meter
  • Temperature indicators
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8
Q

What instruments (air data instruments) use air pressure from outside the aircraft

A

Altimeter and air speed indicator

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9
Q

What two pointers do most altimeters have as a minimum

A

100ft and 1000ft. Larger aircraft which fly at higher altitudes also have one for 10,000ft

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10
Q

How does a normal altimeter calculate altitude

A

They measure the static pressure of the atmosphere and indicate it in feet or meters

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11
Q

Hat happens to pressure if altitude increases

A

Pressure decreases

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12
Q

A pneumatic altimeter is usually found in small aircraft and as a standby in large aircraft. It has a sensitive pressure gauge, what is it called

A

Aneroid bellows

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13
Q

How does a pneumatic altimeter work

A
  1. Static pressure applied around the sealed case surrounds the bellows and compresses them
  2. The bellows deflection moves the instrument mechanism and turns the altitude pointer which shows the altitude on a scale calibrated in ft or meters
  3. The altimeter indication is calibrated to the standard atmosphere shown in a graph
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14
Q

Altimeters accuracy decreases with altitude so what is used on large aircraft to help rectify this

A

Large aircraft have bellows driven by the Air Data Computer (ADC) and use only electrical components such as motors, amplifiers or digital computers

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15
Q

To what conditions are altimeters calibrated to

A

Conditions of the standard atmosphere

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16
Q

What is the baro setting called

A

QNH

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17
Q

What is the actual pressure of the airport called (field elevation)

A

QFE

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18
Q

What is the transition altitude

A

The standard setting of 1013hpa must be selected during climb at a certain altitude called transition altitude

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19
Q

What is done with the altimeter setting when coming in for landing

A

It is set to either QNH or QFE of the destination to get the correct altitude indications for landing

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20
Q

What variable can be an issue with altimeter settings

A

Temperature. When it is cold clearance over mountains must be carefully monitored as the temperature can shift pressure levels giving the altitude a slightly different reading

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21
Q

On an airspeed indicator what line is connected to the bellows and what line is connected to the indicator case so it surrounds the bellows

A

Total pressure line is connected to the inside of the bellows and the static pressure is distributed to the indicator case so that it surrounds the bellows

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22
Q

Airspeed indicator

Low airspeed - ?
Medium speed - ?
High speed - ?

A

Low speed - the total pressure is low and the bellows are compressed

Medium speed - All mechanical parts are in the present position

High speed - the total pressure is high and the bellows expand

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23
Q

On small aircraft what are speed limits shown as on the airspeed indicator scale

A

They are marked with coloured ranges and lines

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24
Q

What is the green band on the digital airspeed indicator

A

Shows the normal operating range

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25
Q

What does the white band on the digital airspeed indicator mean

A

Full flap operating range

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26
Q

What does the yellow band mean on the digital airspeed indicator

A

The caution range. This speed must only be used in smooth air with out hard manoeuvres

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27
Q

In a jet aircraft what shows the maximum allowed speed of the aircraft

A

A red and black needle.

Piston aircraft have a fixed value

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28
Q

What is the maximum allowed airspeed called in a jet aircraft

A

Maximum operating velocity (VMO)

Jet aircraft don’t have a set number as the pressure changed in the aircraft at different altitudes

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29
Q

Other than the warnings on the airspeed indicator what other warnings would be relevant

A

Over speed and stall warning indicators which are independent

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30
Q

What does the Vertical speed indicator (VSI) show

A

Shows the pilot the rate of climb or decent in feet per minute.

The pressure difference on the inside and outside of the bellows acts on the instrument mechanism and moves the vertical speed pointer

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31
Q

What does the Mach meter indicate

A

The ratio of the aircrafts true airspeed to the actual speed of sound

All aircraft need this to fly safely at high altitudes

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32
Q

On all modern aircraft you can find temperature indications shown on Airbus ECAM, two temperatures are defined, what are they

A
  • Static Air Temperature (SAT): this is the temperature of the undisturbed air around the aircraft, also called outside air temp (OAT)
  • Total Air Temperature (TAT): it is measured directly from the TAT probe also called the Rosemont probe after the manufacturer. The probe guides the air stream around the sensing element called a thermistor
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33
Q

What basic T instruments need static pressure to indicate correct values

A

The altimeter, the airspeed indicator (AI) and the vertical speed indicator (VSI)

The indicators are connected together and are then connected to be static ports

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34
Q

Where are static ports located usually

A

In an area where smooth airflow allows an undisturbed measurement of the static pressure

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35
Q

What is the Static Source Error (SSE)

A

The difference between the measured and real static pressure

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36
Q

How does the aircraft static ports compensate for a side slip manoeuvre

A

One static port is installed on each side of the aircraft, both ports are connected together by the use of a cross porting tube which equalises the static pressure to the instruments

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37
Q

What is the pitot system used by

A

The airspeed indicator

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38
Q

What is inside the pitot tube to prevent water or foreign objects from entering it

A

A baffle

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39
Q

Where does the name pitot come from

A

The French scientist Henry pitot who first made calculations to measure airspeed

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40
Q

What is used to prevent ice build up on pitot tubes during flight

A

An electrical probe heater is used

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41
Q

Why must engineers be cautious when working near pitot tubes on the ground

A

They become very hot when the heaters are turned on

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42
Q

What do the pitot tubes sometimes contain

A

Static ports, they consist of small holes around the tube and are connected to the static system

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43
Q

What are pitot static tubes also called after the German invented

A

Prandtl

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44
Q

If the aircraft is being kept on the ground outside for a long amount of time, what must be done to the pitot tubes

A

They must be covered with a red cover with a flag.

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45
Q

What is the design of a pitot static system on small aircraft

A
  • 1 airspeed indicator
  • 1 altimeter
  • 1 vertical speed indicator

The 3 indicators are supplied by a static pressure system with 2 static ports. The pitot pressure system supplies the airspeed indicators

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46
Q

Other than information from the static ports and pitot systems what else supplies data to the Mach meter, true airspeed indicator and air temperature

A

The Air Data Computer (ADC)

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47
Q

What systems does the Air Data Computer (ADC) supply information to

A

Other than the Mach meter, true airspeed indicator and air temperature indicator it is used for auto flight and warning systems

48
Q

(ADC) Air Data Computer reliability made it possible to replace what instruments

A

Pneumatic instruments and their pipework

49
Q

How many ADCs are usually on a large jet aircraft

A

One for pilot one for first officer and a redundancy, sometimes the redundancy will provide additional information if needed

50
Q

What other unit can the ADC be integrated with to make the ADIRU

A

The Inertial Reference System

51
Q

What tasks do the ADCs perform

A
  • Measure and convert the temperature and pitot/static pressure and then calculate the necessary output signals for the indicators and aircraft systems.
  • Calculate correction signals for the static source error and determine values that are not directly measurable i.e. Density
52
Q

What is the altitude alert system used for

A

Air traffic control clear an aircraft to a certain altitude to prevent collisions with other aircraft. If the aircraft deviate from this altitude then a warning will signal

53
Q

What warning would a pilot receive for an over speed

A

A warning from the cockpit loudspeakers and a ‘clacker’

This warning is triggered when airspeed is higher than VMO or MMO

54
Q

What happens at alpha max

A

Airflow cannot follow the upper surface of the wing and airflow separation occurs

55
Q

What warning would be given if a stall is expected

A

A stick shaker

56
Q

What is the purpose of the flight data recorder

A

Records important flight data to evaluate causes of an accident

It is required by law to have a FDR on large aircraft

57
Q

First generation FDR recorded what 6 parameters

A
  • Time
  • Heading
  • Altitude
  • Airspeed
  • Vertical acceleration
  • Pulse when the push to talk switch is activated
58
Q

What additional data must newer data recorders also record

A
  • Engine
  • Flight Control
  • System status

They can now monitor several hundred parameters

59
Q

What two storage devices are used by the FDR

A

Magnetic tape - Which is protected against heat and shocks by insulation

Solid State Memories - Like CMOS EPROMs

They don’t need maintenance as they record the last 25 flight hours

60
Q

To keep data stored during a crash the storage device must be protected against what

A
  • High g loads up to 1000g

- High temperatures up to 1000 degrees c

61
Q

How are aircraft located if they have crashed in water

A

The FDR has an underwater locator beacon

  • Transmits an audio signal at 40khz that can be picked up by an underwater microphone
  • Transmissions start when the aircraft hits water and will transmit for a minimum of 30 days
  • Can withstand depths of more than 3000 meters
62
Q

What triggers the FDR on/off switch

A

Engine oil pressure switch or am airspeed signal

63
Q

What is the purpose of a vertical gyro (VG)

A

Provides the attitude indication for Attitude Director Indicator (ADI)

64
Q

What is the purpose of a Directional Gyro (DG)

A

Provides the heading reference signal for the Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) and Radio Magnetic Indicators (RDI)

65
Q

What is a Rate Gyro used for

A

Used for the Rate of Turn Indication

66
Q

What is a gyro

A

A rotating mass which keeps the direction of its axis constant as long as no force acts on it

67
Q

Gyro stability relies on what 3 factors

A
  • Mass which is eventually distributed around the spin axis
  • Rotational speed (RPM)
  • Distance between the axis and the centre of mass
68
Q

What speeds must aircraft gyros spin at

A

Very high speeds up to 22,000 RPM

69
Q

IMPORTANT: When a force is applied which tries to tilt the gyro axis what is the reaction of the gyro

A

The reaction is shifted by 90 degrees and is called GYRO PROCESSION

70
Q

IMPORTANT: A gyro with which can only spin around its axis and is mounted to the aircraft with bearings has how many degrees of freedom

A

1 degree of freedom

71
Q

IMPORTANT: A gyro with one gimbal has how many degrees of freedom

A

2 degrees

72
Q

IMPORTANT: If the movement of the gimbal is limited by a spring what is the amount of freedom it has

A

Only one and a half degrees of freedom and is called a Rate Gyro

73
Q

A gyro with 2 gimbals has how many degrees of freedom

A

3 degrees of freedom and is free in all directions

74
Q

What is a gyro with a vertical axis called

A

A vertical gyro and is used in the Artificial Horizon

75
Q

What gyro is used to provide a heading reference signal

A

A Directional Gyro (DG)

76
Q

A gyro needs high rotational speeds to work. What causes this in small aircraft

A

The speed is generated by air. The air is provided by a vacuum or suction pump

77
Q

On large commercial aircraft what are gyros driven by

A

An electric motor. They are generally more reliable and gives a stable speed in all flight situations

78
Q

What does a suction regulator do to a gyro

A

Controls the suction to about 5 inches of mercury to prevent gyro overspeed

79
Q

What type of gyro is used as the reference in all classic instruments sowing an artificial horizon

A

A Vertical Gyro (VG)

80
Q

What are Rate gyros named after

A

They are named after its sensitive axis - Roll Rate Gyro

81
Q

Rate gyros are used in what systems

A

Inertial Reference System (IRS) and auto flight systems

82
Q

What is the only rate indication you find in most aircraft

A

The yaw rate or rate of turn indicator

It is either separate or integrated in the Attitude Director Indicator (ADI)

83
Q

Why should gyros always be handled with care

A

To prevent causing damage to its sensitive components (bearings)

84
Q

When should you never move a gyro

A

When it’s running at medium speed this is important between 3 and 20 minutes after power interruption and is completely stopped after 20 mins

85
Q

What gyro is used as the reference for the Attitude indication in aircraft also called the artificial horizon

A

The Vertical gyro (VG)

86
Q

How much freedom does a Directional Gyro have

A

3 degrees of freedom and a horizontal axis

87
Q

What does a Rate gyro measure

A

Aircraft Rate of turn around its sensitive axis

88
Q

For how long after power off is a gyro running at medium speed

A

3-20 mins. It is completely stopped after 20 mins

89
Q

Why must there be two separate vertical gyros

A

The pilot and co pilot need independent attitude indications

90
Q

How is the indicated heading measured

A

The angle between the aircrafts longitudinal axis and the North Pole

91
Q

What is the angle between true north and magnetic north

A

Variation

92
Q

What heading is all information on maps based on

A

Magnetic heading

93
Q

What is inclination

A
  • Earths horizontal lines declining nearer the poles

- Latitude 50 degrees already 50% decrease in horizontal component

94
Q

When is an inertial stabilised system used to assist heading indications

A

At 70 degrees latitude or more

95
Q

What is an expansion unit used for in a direct reading compass

A

Compensates for fluid expansion caused by temperature changes

96
Q

How much does drift change the Directional Gyro direction relative to earth

A

Up to 15 degrees every hour

97
Q

What does a flux valve do

A

Transfers the direction of the magnetic field into a proportional electrical signal

98
Q

Where is the flux valve installed

A

In the wing tips away from aircrafts magnetic fields

99
Q

What does EFIS consist of

A

4 display units

2 control panels

100
Q

How is calibrated airspeed (CAS) calculated

A

Air pressure produced by moving aircraft

101
Q

How is altitude inclination calculated

A

Static air pressure

102
Q

What is VOR mode

A

VHF omni Directional radio range

Displays aircraft position relative to VOR navigation aids

103
Q

When is navigation or map mode used

A

During cruise

104
Q

What is the arc mode used for

A

To show weather information

105
Q

What are the two types of alerts to inform flight crew about an abnormal situation

A

Local warning and central warning

106
Q

How do push buttons work

A

Dark during normal operation and light up if there is a fault

107
Q

What does a white light indicate on a push button

A

System is switched off

108
Q

How is an operational limit shown as

A

A red band or red radial line

109
Q

What are the two types of central warnings

A

Attention getters

Central warning displays

110
Q

How many crew alerting levels does EICAS have

A

3

A,B,C

111
Q

What does FOB stand for

A

Fuel on board

112
Q

How much of the aircrafts mass does fuel contribute to

A

50%

113
Q

What measures fuel temperature

A

A thermistor

114
Q

What units does the cockpit indication show engine level of vibration

A

0-6

115
Q

Where are the 2 vibration sensors located in the engine

A

Compressor section

Turbine section

116
Q

What is VMS

A

Vibration Monitoring system

Module 11 Richard (19 decks)

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