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Module 11 Richard > 11.1 Theory Of Flight > Flashcards

11.1 Theory Of Flight Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main aircraft axis’s?

A

Longitudinal
Lateral
Vertical

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2
Q

What axis would pitch be controlled by?

A

Lateral axis

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3
Q

What axis would roll be controlled by

A

Longitudinal

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4
Q

What movement would be had from the vertical axis

A

Yaw

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5
Q

What type of stability would be around the vertical axis

A

Directional

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6
Q

What are the 3 primary flight controls

A

Ailerons
Elevators
Rudder

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7
Q

What axis would be controlled by the rudder

A

Vertical

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8
Q

What axis would be controlled by the ailerons

A

Longitudinal

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9
Q

What are the secondary flight controls

A

Slats
Flaps
Spoilers
Trim systems

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10
Q

On larger aircraft what would be added to increase the efficiency of an aileron

A

Flight spoilers

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11
Q

Are roll spoilers on both large and small aircraft?

A

Usually only large

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12
Q

What type of ailerons would be used on larger aircraft during flight at high speed

A

Inboard

If the outboards are used it would cause damage to the aircraft of flying control

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13
Q

What is done to the outboard ailerons during flight at high speed

A

Aileron lock out.

To prevent from being used

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14
Q

If the elevators are deflected downward what way will the nose point

A

Down

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15
Q

What is a stabiliser sometimes referred to

A

The all moving tail

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16
Q

What are the two types of stabiliser is used on a/c?

A

Fixed and trimmable

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17
Q

What is the name for the two types of canards

A

Lifting cannard and control cannard

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18
Q

Why are canards used

A

Located forward to the main wing to provide longitudinal stability and control.

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19
Q

Are canards always fixed.

A

No, they are fixed, movable or variable geometry.

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20
Q

Do control canards contribute to lift.

A

Not really, they are predominantly used for pitch control during manoeuvres.

Usually at zero angle of attack

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21
Q

What speeds and angle is full rudder travel permitted?

A

30 degrees and speeds up to 150 KTS

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22
Q

What speeds and angle is intermediate rudder travel permitted

A

15 degrees and 150-200KTS

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23
Q

What speeds and angle is minimum rudder travel permitted

A

Angle of 5.7 degrees and speeds above 200 KTS

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24
Q

What is a ruddervator

A

A combination or a rudder and elevator

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25
Q

Why is the V-tail said to be weight saving

A

As there is no vertical stabiliser needed

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26
Q

What are the disadvantages of the V-Tail

A
  • The control surfaces must be larger
  • No full rudder or elevator deflection at the same time
  • Control surface adjustment is more complicated
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27
Q

On what type of aircraft would elevons be found

A

Delta and fighter aircraft

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28
Q

What surfaces do elevons combine

A

Elevator and ailerons

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29
Q

What are secondary flight controls used for

A

Lift, drag and trim

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30
Q

What secondary flight controls are found on the leading edge

A

Slats

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31
Q

What do drag devices include

A
  • Speed breaks (Air breaks)

- Spoilers

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32
Q

When are the flaps primarily used

A

On landing to increase lift and drag as speed is reduced.

They are also used on take off to increase lift

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33
Q

What happens to the wing profile when the slats and flaps are extended

A

The chord line changes

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34
Q

What type of flap gives the most lift

A

Fowler flaps 95%

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35
Q

What are the 4 types of flap on aircraft

A

Plain
Split edge
Slotted
Fowler

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36
Q

How much do slotted flaps increase lift by

A

Approx 70%

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37
Q

What are the benefits of slotted flaps

A

The slots allow air from the lower side of the wing to the upper side to prevent early flow separation

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38
Q

Where are spoilers located

A

Upper surface of the wing towards the trailing edge

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39
Q

What is the purpose of spoilers

A

To reduce lift and increase drag

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40
Q

What is spanwise flow

A

Air particles flow over the wing and split in 2 directions

One at right angles to the leading edge and the other follows the leading edge

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41
Q

What is used to reduce the effect of spanwise flow

A

Wing fences

42
Q

Why does spanwise flow do to the boundary layer

A

Thickens the boundary layer towards the wing tip, especially during high speeds with a high angle of attack

43
Q

What are wing fences also called

A

Boundary layer fences

44
Q

What is a vortex generator used for

A

To improve boundary layer control

45
Q

What does the vortex generator do to the air

A

It takes high energy air from the outside boundary layer and mixes it with low energy air in the boundary layer

46
Q

What does the number and location of vortex generators depend on

A

Depends on flight test investigation

47
Q

What are stall wedges or strips

A

They are small triangular devices located on the leading edge and at high angles of attack help the wing root to stall before the tip

48
Q

What do trim systems compensate for?

A

Aerodynamic imbalance on the a/c

49
Q

How does aerodynamic imbalance occur

A

If any forces around aircraft axis are not equal

50
Q

What systems do pitch systems help with

A

Ailerons
Elevators
Rudder

51
Q

What 3 categories do all flight control systems get divided into

A
  • Control inputs
  • Control transmissions ( control runs which transmit through the airframe)
  • Control surface outputs
52
Q

What is the control column used to operate

A

The elevators

53
Q

What do the control wheels (yolk) operate

A

Ailerons and roll spoilers

54
Q

What mechanical cockpit control would control the rudder

A

The rudder pedals

55
Q

What do ruddervators need to assist with control inputs

A

Mixer units

56
Q

How are the pilots inputs (control inputs) connect with the flight control outputs?

A

Through control runs

The control runs connect the pilots inputs to the flying control system

They are known as transmissions

57
Q

What are the flaps controlled by?

A

The flap lever

58
Q

What are the 3 transmission control run methods from flight deck to control surface

A

Mechanically
Electrically
Hydraulically

59
Q

What are the main components in a mechanical control run?

A

Rods and cables

This is the simplest form - usually on small a/c

60
Q

How do hydraulic controls in a control run work

A

Hydraulic components convert input signals from a mechanical control run into a hydraulic output to drive the control surface

61
Q

What do hydraulic systems use for control runs

A
  • Mechanical components (rods and cables)

- hydraulic components

62
Q

What do electrical control runs do

A

Includes an Imput from the flight deck via a flight control computer, which turns an electrical imput, via an electrohydraulic valve into a hydraulic output

63
Q

What components would electricical control transmissions use?

A
  • Mechanical components
  • Electrical components
  • Hydraulic components
64
Q

What is an aerodynamic horn balance

A

Part of the surface that is located forward of the hinge line and moves into the wind during deflection aiding movement

65
Q

What is a balance tab?

A

Assists deflection of control surface

Disadvantage - reduces effectiveness of control surface

66
Q

What is the balance panel?

A

A plate connected to the leading edge of the control surface

67
Q

What is the anti-balance tab?

A

Increases efficiency of control surface

Disadvantage - more effort needed to deflect control surface

68
Q

What is the purpose of a trim tab

A

To compensate for imbalance of the aircraft

69
Q

How are the trim tabs operated from the cockpit

A

Via a cable system, screw jack and trim rod

70
Q

What is the trim position

A

When the trim tab is deflected the control surface is repositioned to a new neutral position

71
Q

How is the speed of sound defined

A

The distance travelled per unit of time by a sound wave as it propagates through an elastic medium

72
Q

What is the speed of the speed of sound?

A

In dry air at 20 degrees Celsius the speed of sound is 343.2 m/s

73
Q

What are the 3 speed regions for aircraft

A

Subsonic
Transonic
Supersonic

74
Q

What happens to the air in the supper sonic region

A

Shock waves are formed and there are large pressure changes and changes in density

75
Q

What region is air incompressible

A

Subsonic

76
Q

How is the Mach number worked out

A

Speed of sound

77
Q

What does the term ‘local Mach number’ mean

A

An example - the air over the top of the wings could be travelling at the speed of sound when the rest of the air is moving below

78
Q

What is the critical Mach number

A

The highest Mach number achievable before reaching the speed of sound

79
Q

At what Mach number does a shock wave begin to form

A

Mach 1.2

80
Q

What is wave drag

A

The drag caused by shock waves

81
Q

What is a vortex generator

A

Transfers high energy to the boundary to reduce flow separation

They also produce an oblique shock wave inside the supersonic flow

82
Q

What is the sweep angle on most modern jet aircraft

A

30 degrees

Increases critical Mach

83
Q

How are swept wings prone to wing tip stall in their original form

A

The shape of the wing channels air to the tip creating a thicker boundary layer and then flow separation

84
Q

How is wing tip stall prevented on swept wings

A

With wing fences and saw tooth

85
Q

What type of wing performs well in the transonic region

A

The transonic profile

86
Q

What are the 3 main characteristics of the transonic profile wing

A
  • Flatter upper surface
  • More curved leading edge
  • Thinner trailing edge
87
Q

What is a wing with a transonic profile also called

A

A rear loaded wing

88
Q

What manufacturing advantages do transonic profiles provide?

A

Transonic wing profile uses the entire entire skin as the torque box which allows for thinner and lighter material to be used

89
Q

What can be done to compensate for the tuck under effect

A

The horizontal stabiliser must increase the downward acting force

90
Q

What flying control is it dangerous to use to compensate for tuck under

A

The elevator

91
Q

When supersonic airflow passes through a shock wave what happens to density, pressure, temperature and velocity?

A

Pressure - increases
Temperature - increases
Density - increases
Velocity - decreases

92
Q

What type of energy do shock waves waste

A

Energy is lost through heat

93
Q

What are the main forms of waves created in supersonic flow

A
  • Shock waves

- Expansion waves

94
Q

What are the two types of shock waves

A
  • Normal shock wave

- Oblique shock wave

95
Q

What happens to the air when it passes through a normal shock wave

A

No change in direction but it is slowed from supersonic to subsonic

Temp, density and static pressure increased a lot

Total energy greatly reduced

96
Q

Does an oblique shock wave consume more or less energy than a normal shock wave

A

Less than a normal

97
Q

What are the two supersonic profiles?

A
  • The double wedge profile

- The circular arc profile

98
Q

On a circular arc profile where is the centre of life with supersonic airflow and subsonic airflow?

A
  • Supersonic airflow centre of lift around 50% back

- Subsonic airflow centre of lift around 25% back

99
Q

What kind of air speeds can be entered into the inlet of a jet engine?

A

Must be subsonic

100
Q

What are the most important characteristics of a supersonic inlet?

A

Must slow the air down but minimise energy losses due to temperature

101
Q

How much of aluminium strength is lost at what temperature?

A

80% if the temperature reaches 250 Celsius

Module 11 Richard (19 decks)

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