Various Tumour Types (REVISE EASY)

Question 1

Lymphoma

Answer 1

Neoplastic proliferations of lymphoid cells of various types,

Mainly solid

Question 2

Leukaemia

Answer 2

neoplastic proliferations of the cells (mainly blood white cells and their precursors) of the haemopoietic bone marrow

Mainly liquid

Question 3

Two main types of lymphomas

Answer 3

Hodgkin’s Disease & Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

Question 4

Most common type of non-hodgkins lymphoma

Answer 4

Lymphocytic lymphomas

Question 5

Lymphadenopathy

Answer 5

Lymph Node enlargement, localised or general

Question 6

Most common clinical presentation of lymphoma

Answer 6

Lymphadenopathy

Question 7

Less common clinical presentations of lymphoma

Answer 7

Hepatomegaly, Splenomegaly or bone marrow infiltration (Marrow replacement with haematological consequences)

Question 8

Types of Hodgkin’s disease and their prognosis

Answer 8

Nodular lymphocyte-predominant hodgkin’s (Good)

Classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma:

• Lymphocyte rich Hodgkin’s (Good)
• Mixed cellularity Hodgkin’s (In between)
• Nodular sclerosing Hodgkin’s (In between)
• Lymphocyte depleted Hodgkin’s (Bad)

Question 9

REVISE BEGINNING BRIEFLY ITS EASY

Question 10

Reed-Sternberg cells

Answer 10

Neoplastic cell in classical hogkin’s disease, present with lymphocytes, eosinophils & fibroblasts

Question 11

What makes up a lymphoma

Answer 11

Differing proportions of Reed-Sternberg cells and lymphocytes (the more lymphocyte proportion, the better the prognosis)

Question 12

Grossly Oversimplified Classification of Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Answer 12

** DOESN’T HAVE ANY HODGKINS CELLS

B/T Cell Lymphoma - Low Grade (Good)

B/T Cell Lymphoma - High Grade (Bad)

Question 13

Which is worse, B cell or T cell lymphoma

Answer 13

T cell lymphomas are worse because it is more invasive

Question 14

Myeloma

Answer 14

Tumour of mature plasma cells.

It presents with bone tumours, osteolytic, painful, but with interesting systemic effects

Can affect teeth

Question 15

Amyloid

Answer 15

Fluid that is made by the immune system in response to a myeloma

Usually a pinkish fluid I think

Question 16

What is the most common primary tumour of the brain derived from

Answer 16

Glial Cells (Support cells around neurons)

• Astrocyte
• Oligodendrocytes
• Ependymal Cells

Astrocytomas are the most common

Question 17

Discuss the metastatic properties of astrocytomas

Answer 17

All astrocytomas behave in a malignant manner, by local invasion, but do not metastasize

Question 18

Astrocytoma Grade

Answer 18

1-4
1 is good prognosis
4 is bad

Question 19

Embryonal tumors

Answer 19

Derived from embryonic remnants of primitive ‘blast’ tissue

Mainly common in young children

Sensitive to chemotherapy which has revolutionised a formerly fatal disease

Question 20

Discuss the malignancy of Embryonal tumors

Answer 20

Highly malignant

Question 21

How are embryonal tumors spread

Answer 21

Spread early and widely by lymphatics and veins

Question 22

Nephroblastoma

Answer 22

In kidney, most common embryonal tumour

Question 23

Neuroblastoma

Answer 23

In adrenal gland, derived from primitive adrenal medullary precursors (neuroblasts)

Second most common embryonal tumour

Question 24

Rarer embryonal tumours

Answer 24

Retinoblastoma - retina; often bilateral; genetic basis.
Medulloblastoma - cerebellum
Hepatoblastoma - liver

Question 25

Teratoma

Answer 25

Tumours derived from primitive germ cells which retain the capacity to differentiate along all 3 primitive embryological lines

Teratomas should contain representatives of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

Question 26

Where do tetratomas generally occur

Answer 26

Ovary and Testis

Question 27

Ovary Tetratoma Presentations

Answer 27

Young Women
Benign
Invariably cystic
Cyst contains keratin

Skin, Hair, Bronchial & Gut Epithelium, Thyroid, Neuroglia, Bone, Cartilage

Good Prognosis

Question 28

Testis Tetratoma Presentations

Answer 28

Young Men

Painless swelling of testis

Chemotherapy has revolutionised prognosis

Tumour markers important in management

Question 29

Discuss metastatic properties of testis tetratomas

Answer 29

Almost always malignant, but varies according to type

Spreads early via blood stream (–> Lung & liver etc)