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Mucosal Surfaces > B1- Lungs > Flashcards

B1- Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

What is boyles law

A

Inverse relationship between volume eg of thorax and rhe pressure

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2
Q

What two types of resp are there

A

Cellular generating atp (internal)

External is breathing

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3
Q

Why is air humidified in upper resp tract

A

So exchnage tissues dont dry out

and so gas transfers freely into blood in alveoli

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4
Q

What is rhe diameter and csa of trachea

A

20 mm diamter and small csa of 2.5cm = airflow resistance

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5
Q

Alveoli are what diameter and sa

A

0.3mm

Large sa of 1 x 10^6 (tennis court)

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6
Q

Which area of airway is first line of defence eg by cilia and ifn

A

Ciliated epihtelial pseudostratified columnar (eg nasal)

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7
Q

Where is contona ideal colonisation

A

In nasal epi cells or govlet secretort cells

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8
Q

Which article disxusses sars cov 2 effects on airway epi cells

A

Zhu et al 2020

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9
Q

What sorts of effects do they have in the cells

A

Destroy cilia by staying at apical surfaces

Form gisnt syncytial cells (fusion of cells)

Destroy tight cell junctions

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10
Q

Which article discusses ifn in naaal epi cells /sexretory and covid

A

Hatton et al 2020

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11
Q

Is ifn blocked by covid in nasal and sexreotry

A

No iust delayed

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12
Q

How

A

Downrefulation of Isg (ifn stimulating genes)

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13
Q

Which mutstion seen in severe xovid patients

A

Ifn receptor which sigansl vis jak stat for antigirql wffects

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14
Q

What is point of ifn 1 and 3

A

Epithelial integrity and refcued viral replication and t regs too

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15
Q

What do capillaries on alveoli allow for ventilation

A

Ventilstion perfusion matching (v/q)

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16
Q

What % do capillaries cover alveoli surface

A

80-90%

17
Q

How does alveoli connextive tissue of lungs allowing recoil and expanding

A

Elastin and collagen

18
Q

What is condition callrd shich causes consfant dilstion of sireays whcih forms mucus build up and infection

A

Bronchiecstasis

19
Q

What is it caused by

A

Inflammatory damage eg to elastic and muscular components of bronchi

20
Q

Which article discusses alveolar cells

A

Guillot 2013

21
Q

What types of cells are type 2

A

Large cuboidal cells

22
Q

What growth factor allows conversion of orsophagual to respiratory epitheliumeg after infection

A

Fgf

23
Q

What are bacs cells which are upregulated after ciral infection

A

Bronchioalveolar cells near ducts which differentiate to rype 1 and type 2 cells

24
Q

Which alveolar cells are self renewable and form the other

A

Type 2

25
Q

What causes surface tension of alveoli

A

Air blood barrier (reduced to 1micronetre by flat type 1)

26
Q

How is surfsctant responsible in precenting collapse

A

Reduce surface tension

27
Q

Which right junctions are a barruwr to infection in alveolar cells to block interstitial

A

Claudin 3

28
Q

Which alveolar cells have tlr and contsct macrophages for clearance of infection

A

Type 1

29
Q

During which infection

A

Pneumococcal pneumonia

30
Q

Ofher than opsonins whag are surfactant p a and d

A

They are antininflam by rleeasing tgf b and il10

31
Q

What allows thoracic cage and lung moving up together

A

Parietal pleura (costal which adheres thoracic wall)

32
Q

What allows passive exp

A

Recoil of elastic connrctive tissue

33
Q

In inspirstion what forms 70% of the volume change so pressure is lower than atmospheric

A

Dipahragm (moves 1-2cm)

34
Q

What are the other 30%

A

Accesory and intercostals

35
Q

What measures lung function

A

Spirometer

36
Q

What is fev1 which is reduced in smoking etc eg copd due to obstruction

A

Maximal vol of air expired in 1 second after maximal nspiratioj

37
Q

What is it depeendant on

A

Body tempersture and sateuation of rhe air

38
Q

What is fvc alsonreduced

A

Max amount of air breathed out with msximal force applied after maximal inspiration

39
Q

Give an example of ehat causes lower fvc

A

Pulmonary fibrosis which reduces elasticity due to scarring

Mucosal Surfaces (33 decks)

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