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Biocheem > Lecture 29 > Flashcards

Lecture 29 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the electron transport chain made of?

A

A chain of electron carriers with increasing reduction potential

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2
Q

What allows the the complexes to pump H+ ions into the intermembrane space?

A

The energy that electron transport chain releases

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3
Q

How many protons are exported from the matrix to the intermembrane space for every NADH that is oxidized?

A

10 protons

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4
Q

Where is proton translocation occuring with the oxidation of NADH?

A

At complex I, III, IV

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5
Q

How does the redox reactions occuring in complex I, III, and IV effect the proteins?

A

It causes a conformational change within them that allows it to pump H+ ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space

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6
Q

What is complex II associated with?

A

The oxidation of succinate to Fumarate

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7
Q

What oxidizes Succinate to Fumarate?

A

Complex II

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8
Q

What does complex II contain as a functional group?

A

FAD

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9
Q

What are the electrons from succinate being oxidized transferred to?

A

Coenzyme Q in the membrane

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10
Q

How many protons are moved across the membrane at complex II?

A

None

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11
Q

How does Complex II oxidizing succinate affect the molecule?

A

It forms a double bond

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12
Q

What are carbon carbon bond reduction processes associated with?

A

The reduction of FAD

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13
Q

What is usually involved in the oxidation of carbon oxygen bonds?

A

NAD

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14
Q

What is a part of the tertiary structure of complex II?

A

FAD/FADH2 is a prosthetic group

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15
Q

How is FADH2 reoxidized in complex II?

A

By giving the electrons to coenzyme Q which becomes QH2

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16
Q

What happens when NADH is being oxidized as part of complex I?

A

It leads to the reduction of Coenzyme Q to QH2

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17
Q

What is the difference in Complex I and II?

A

Complex I uses NADH and Complex II uses FADH

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18
Q

Where do Complex I and II converge?

A

At Coenzyme Q

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19
Q

What leads to the oxidation of Coenzyme Q?

A

It interaction at complex III

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20
Q

How many protons does reduction of Cyt C at complex III in the electron transport move into the intermembrane space?

A

4H+

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21
Q

How many protons does oxidation of Cyt C at complex IV in the electron transport move into the intermembrane space?

A

2H+

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22
Q

What is the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

A

Oxygen

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23
Q

How many water molecules are produced at the end of the electron transport chain for every FADH that is oxidized?

A

One water molecule

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24
Q

How many protons total are moved to the intermembrane space in FADH2 oxidation?

A

6 protons

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25
Q

What is the difference between water production in FADH2 vs NADH oxidation?

A

FADH2 oxidation produces more water

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26
Q

Oxidation of which cofactor produces more ATP?

A

Oxidation of NADH produces more ATP

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27
Q

Where do protons move during the electron transport chain?

A

Protons move from matrix to the intermembrane space

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28
Q

Where is the proton concentration higher and more positive after electron transport?

A

The proton concentration is higher and the charge is higher in the intermembrane space

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29
Q

What determines the rate of oxygen consumption?

A

The speed of electron transport

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30
Q

What deals with the thermodynamics of oxygen consumption in electron transport?

A
  • The high affinity of oxygen for electrons

* The fact that electron affinity of the components increases as electrons move down the electron transport chain

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31
Q

What is the potential energy of the H+ gradient converted to?

A

The chemical energy in the phosphoanhydride bonds

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32
Q

What does Oxidative phosphorylation include?

A
  • The electron transport

* ATP synthase

33
Q

What happens in ATP synthase?

A

It admits protons and the protons drive mechanical action which leads to the formation of phosphoanhydride bonds

34
Q

Approximately how many H+ are needed for one ATP to be synthesized by ATP synthase?

A

3H+

35
Q

What are the two portions of ATP Synthase?

A

Fo and F1

36
Q

What are the characteristics of Fo?

A
  • Transmembrane portion
  • Protons pass through
  • Trigger conformational change in F1
37
Q

What are the characteristics of the F1 portion?

A
  • Catalytic portion

* Synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi

38
Q

What does the rate of ATP synthesis determine?

A

Proton movement and ultimately oxygen consumption

39
Q

What drives the rate of ATP synthesis?

A

The concentration of ADP and Pi

40
Q

What kind of secondary structure is seen in the transmembrane portion of ATP synthase?

A

Alpha helices

41
Q

What kind of structures are typically crossing a cell membrane in a protein structure?

A

Regular Secondary Structure

42
Q

What is the transmembrane portion of ATP synthase associated with?

A

The proton translocation process

43
Q

What does the central shaft that penetrates the catalytic component do?

A

Triggers conformational changes in the catalytic component

44
Q

How many active sites synthesize ATP in ATP synthase?

A

Three

45
Q

What is a primary active transport that uses ATP that generates a proton gradient?

A

The backwards of ATP synthase

46
Q

How does ATP Synthase work?

A

It uses the proton gradient to transfer a phosphate on ADP

47
Q

How is ADP brought into the matrix for ATP synthesis and how is ATP brought into the intermembrane space to be used?

A

The Adenine Nucleotide Translocase

48
Q

What is the The Adenine Nucleotide Translocase?

A

An antiport that moves ATP into the intermembrane space and move ADP into the Matrix so it can be made into ATP

49
Q

What is the The Adenine Nucleotide Translocase helped by?

A

The proton gradient

50
Q

Why is the The Adenine Nucleotide Translocase helped by the proton gradient?

A

Because ATP is more negative it want to go where there is a high concentration of protons which is the intermembrane space

51
Q

How is Pi imported into the matrix to b used in ATP formation?

A

Using the Pi-H+ symport

52
Q

How does the Pi-H+ Symport work?

A

It imports Pi using the concentration gradient of H+, so one H+ is brought inside as well as Pi

53
Q

How many protons are imported for every ATP synthesized and where do they come from?

A

Four total. Three come from the ATP synthase and one comes from the Pi-H+ Symport

54
Q

What is the relationship between Oxidation and Phosphorylation?

A

They are generally coupled

55
Q

What is coupling?

A

The connection that exists between ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption

56
Q

What is the rate at which ATP is made determined by?

A

The concentration of ADP and Pi

57
Q

What does the rate of ATP synthase making ATP determine?

A

Determines the rate that protons are coming back into the mitochondrial matrix

58
Q

What happens as a result of protons coming into the mitochondrial matrix?

A

The electron transport chain increases its rate the replenish the proton gradient

59
Q

What is the P:O ratio?

A

The amount of ATP made (P) per oxygen atom reduced to water (O)

60
Q

How many water is made for each NADH or FADH2 being reoxidized?

A

One water

61
Q

How many H+ are imported during ATP synthesis?

A

3H+ (ATP synthesis)

1H+ (P-H+ symport)

62
Q

What is the P:O ratio for NADH?

A

2.5/NADH reoxidized

63
Q

What is the P:O ratio of FADH?

A

1.5/FADH2 reoxidized

64
Q

What is the rate of oxidative phosphorylation determined by?

A

The relative concentration of ADP

65
Q

When does oxygen consumption rise?

A

When ADP concentration rises

66
Q

What does ADP concentration reflect?

A

The energy consumption of the cell

67
Q

What are the concentrations of ADP and Pi if there is low energy use?

A

There are low concentrations of ADP and Pi

68
Q

How do low concentration of ADP and Pi affect the ATP synthase?

A

They cause low ATP synthase activity

69
Q

How does low ATP synthase activity affect the H+ gradient?

A

It makes the H+ gradient increase

70
Q

How does an increased H+ gradient affect e- transport?

A

It decreases e- transport

71
Q

How does Decreased e- transport affect the concentration of NADH and FADH2?

A

It increases NADH and FADH2 concentrations

72
Q

How does decreased e- transport affect O2 consumption?

A

O2 consumption drops

73
Q

What does an increase in the [NADH] and [FADH2] do to the CAC and PDH?

A

Inhibits CAC and PDH

74
Q

How is ATP Synthase affected by high [ADP] and [Pi]?

A

ATP Synthase activity increases

75
Q

How does increase ATP synthase activity affect the H+ gradient?

A

It decreases the H+ gradient

76
Q

How does a decrease in the H+ gradient affect the e- transported?

A

It increases e- transport

77
Q

How does increased e- transport affect [NADH] and [FADH2]?

A

It decreases their concentration

78
Q

How does increased e- transport affect O2 consumption?

A

It increases O2 consumption

79
Q

How does decreased [NADH] and [FADH2] affect CAC and PDH?

A

It activates CAC and PDH

Biocheem (38 decks)

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