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Biocheem > Lecture 34 > Flashcards

Lecture 34 Flashcards

1
Q

What is PDH tightly regulates by?

A

Reversible phosphorylation

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2
Q

What does the active and inactive form of PDH feature?

A

The inactive PDH is phosphorylated

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3
Q

What is PDH Phosphatase activated by?

A

Ca2+ in muscle

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4
Q

What does PDH Phosphatase do?

A

Dephosphorylates PDH turning it to its active form

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5
Q

What does PDH kinase do?

A

It phosphorylates PDH inactivating it

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6
Q

What are the products of the PDH reaction?

A

Acetyl-CoA and NADH

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7
Q

What suppresses PDH by activating PDH kinase?

A

Acetyl-CoA and NADH

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8
Q

What inactivates PDH kinase that would normally go on to create inactive PDH?

A

ADP, Pyruvate and NAD+ which are all substrates of PDH

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9
Q

How do substrates and products effect PDH?

A
  • NADH and acetyl-CoA are products and inhibit the complex

* NAD+ and HS-CoA are substrates and activate the complex

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10
Q

Which compounds are used to synthesize ATP using phosphate transfer reactions?

A
  • 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
  • Phosphoenolpyruvate
  • Phosphocreatine
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11
Q

What is Pyruvate kinase regulated by and how?

A

F-1,6-BP and allosteric activation

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12
Q

How is PFK-1 regulated by PEP?

A

By feedback inhibition

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13
Q

How is Pyruvate Kinase regulated by ATP?

A

Through allosteric inactivation

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14
Q

How is Hexokinase regulated by G-6-P?

A

Through feedback inhibition

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15
Q

How is NADH reoxidized during catabolism?

A
  • NADH is reoxidized via the electron transport chain

* NADH is reoxidized via participating in certain reduction reactions

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16
Q

What does the citric acid cycle start off with?

A

Acetyl-CoA

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17
Q

What kind of process is the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

An aerobic process

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18
Q

What is the purpose of Aerobic Catabolism?

A

To capture energy in biological fuel molecules and use it to make ATP

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19
Q

Why can acetyl-CoA sometimes be described as a two-carbon molecule?

A

Because there are two carbons in the acetyl portion

20
Q

What is the next molecule produced from acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle?

A

Citrate

21
Q

What are the sources of Acetyl-CoA?

A

It comes from many sources like carbohydrate, fatty acid and amino acid catabolism

22
Q

What does Acetyl-CoA condense to make in the citric acid cycle?

A

It condenses with oxaloacetate (4C) to make citrate (6C)

23
Q

How many carbons are oxidized to make CO2?

A

Two carbons

24
Q

How many carboxylates does citrate have?

A

Three

25
Q

What happens every time carbon dioxide is produced in the CAC?

A

A carbon has been fully oxidized as far as it can go

26
Q

Why is the CAC a cyclic process?

A

Because oxaloacetate is consumed but also regenerated

27
Q

What high energy molecules are produced in the CAC?

A
  • 3 NADH
  • 1 FADH2/QH2
  • 1 GTP
28
Q

Where does the CAC occur?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

29
Q

What does the CAC do?

A

Oxidizes acetyl-CoA to CO2

30
Q

What high energy products does the CAC produce?

A
  • 3 NADH
  • FADH2/QH2
  • GTP (NTP)
31
Q

Why is the CAC Aerobic?

A

Because O2 reduction is required to reoxidize NADH, FADH2

32
Q

What is Acetyl-CoA generated by?

A

Metabolism of many compounds
•Fats
•Carbohydrates
•Proteins

33
Q

Is the CAC anabolic or catabolic?

A

It is amphibolic

34
Q

What are the four important enzymes in the CAC that catalyze irreversible reactions?

A
  • Citrate synthase
  • Isocitrate dehydrogenase
  • alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
  • Succinate dehydrogenase complex
35
Q

What are the four important enzymes in the CAC that catalyze irreversible reactions?

A
  • Citrate synthase
  • Isocitrate dehydrogenase
  • alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
  • Succinate dehydrogenase complex
36
Q

What is Succinate dehydrogenase part of?

A

Complex II

37
Q

What is different about Succinate dehydrogenase?

A

It is not in the matrix like the other enzymes that participate in the CAC

38
Q

What does Citrate Synthase catalyze?

A

The conversion of acetyl-CoA and Oxaloacetate and water into HS-CoA + H+ and Citrate

39
Q

What kind of reaction does citrate synthase catalyze?

A

An irreversible isomerization

40
Q

Is citrate synthase regulated?

A

No, not under physiological condition

41
Q

How many carbons is citrate?

A

6 Carbons

42
Q

What happens to the citrate produced by Citrate synthase?

A

It undergoes an isomerization where the hydroxyl group in citrate is moved to the adjacent carbon to form a carbonyl and forms isocitrate

43
Q

What kind of reaction is the conversion of isocitrate to alpha ketoglutarate?

A

An oxidative decarboxylation

44
Q

What enzyme converts Isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate?

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

45
Q

Is the conversion of Isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate reversible?

A

No

46
Q

What are the other products besides alpha-ketoglutarate in the CAC created by isocitrate dehydrogenase?

A

NADH and CO2

47
Q

What can alpha-ketoglutarate be converted to?

A

Glutamate

Biocheem (38 decks)

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