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Biocheem > Lecture 31 > Flashcards

Lecture 31 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Lysis in Glycolysis?

A

Taking a sugar and splitting it into two smaller pieces

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2
Q

What is done with Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in glycolysis?

A

It is taken and split into DHAP and GAP

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3
Q

How many carbons do DHAP and GAP have (the products of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate)?

A

They are both 3 carbon molecules

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4
Q

What kind of molecules are DHAP and GAP (the product of F-1,6-BP)

A

DHAP is a ketone and GAP is an aldehyde

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5
Q

What is the free energy of the Lysis of F-1,6-BP in glycolysis?

A

It is reversible so it has a free energy near 0

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6
Q

How are DHAP and GAP related to each other?

A

They are both products of lysis of F-1,6-BP and the are isomers of one another

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7
Q

What happens to DHAP and GAP?

A

DHAP undergoes an isomerization to create GAP so there are 2 GAPs

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8
Q

What is the free energy change of the isomerization of DHAP to GAP?

A

The free energy change is close to zero so the reaction is reversible

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9
Q

What marks the end of the energy investment phase of glycolysis?

A

The production of two GAP

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10
Q

What is a balanced chemical equation for the energy investment phase?

A
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11
Q

What kind of reaction is the conversion of Glucose and ATP to Glucose-6-Phosphate?

A

Phosphorylation

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12
Q

What kind of reaction is the conversion of G6P to Fructose-6-Phosphate?

A

Isomerization

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13
Q

What kind of reaction is the conversion of F6P to Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate?

A

A phosphorylation reaction

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14
Q

What kind of reaction is the conversion of F-1,6-BP to DHAP and GAP?

A

A lysis reaction

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15
Q

What kind of reaction is the conversion of DHAP to GAP?

A

An isomerization reaction

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16
Q

What is the balanced equation for the energy investment stage of glycolysis?

A

Glucose + 2 ATP ➡️ 2 GAP + 2 ADP + 2H+

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17
Q

How many molecules of GAP does on Glucose make?

A

Two molecules of GAP

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18
Q

Where does the split path of glycolysis occur?

A

At the two molecules of GAP

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19
Q

How many ATP are produced in the payout phase?

A

4 ATP

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20
Q

What is the 2 GAP converted to at the end of the payout phase?

A

Two pyruvate

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21
Q

What kind of reaction does GAP undergo?

A

An oxidation reaction

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22
Q

What is GAP combined with in the oxidation reaction?

A

It is combined with NAD+ and Pi

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23
Q

What is GAP converted to?

A

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

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24
Q

What high energy molecule is reduced when GAP is oxidized?

A

NAD is reduced to NADH

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25
Q

What high energy molecules are produced with Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) is oxidized?

A

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and NADH + and H+

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26
Q

What is the free energy when GAP is converted to 1,3-BPG?

A

It is close to zero so its a reversible reaction

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27
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of GAP to 1,3-BPG?

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

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28
Q

What does Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate do?

A

Catalyzes the reaction of GAP to 1,3-BPG

29
Q

Why is 1,3-BPG a high energy intermediate?

A

Because it is an acyl phosphate

30
Q

What is the conversion of GAP to 1,3-BPG not?

A

It is not a phosphate transfer it is an oxidation reaction

31
Q

Why is 1,3-BPG a high energy intermediate?

A

Because the chemical group has a large negative 𝛥G of hydrolysis

32
Q

What is the free energy change of the conversion of GAP to 1,3-BPG?

A

It has a positive free energy change but can still proceed

33
Q

Why can the conversion of GAP to 1,3-BPG still proceed even though it has a positive free energy change?

A
  • Product concentration is low relative to substrate concentration
  • 1,3-BPG does not accumulate because it is rapidly consumed in the next reaction
  • NADH does not accumulate because it is being reoxidized
34
Q

What is the main feature of 1,3-BPG?

A

It has a large phosphate transfer potential, so it has a very negative free energy change

35
Q

Why are Acyl phosphates important?

A

Because they are associated with a very negative free energy change when broken by hydrolysis

36
Q

What are the products when hydrolyzing an acyl phosphate?

A

A carboxyl group and an inorganic phosphate

37
Q

What is 1,3 BPG converted to in glycolysis?

A

3-Phosphoglycerate and ATP

38
Q

What is the free energy associated with the conversion 1,3-BPG to 3-phosphoglycerate and ATP?

A

It is approximately zero so it has a reversible free energy change

39
Q

What is 3-phosphoglycerate converted to?

A

2-Phosphoglycerate

40
Q

What kind of reaction is the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphenolpyruvate?

A

It is a dehydration reaction

41
Q

What is produced in the dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate?

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate and H2O

42
Q

What kind of molecule is phosphoenolpyruvate?

A

It is a high energy intermediate

43
Q

What is Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) used to make?

A

Another ATP and Pyruvate

44
Q

How is pyruvate produced?

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is converted by pyruvate kinase to enolpyruvate which is converted to pyruvate and one ATP

45
Q

What is the free energy of the conversion of PEP to Pyruvate and ATP?

A

The free energy is very negative so it is not reversible

46
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of PEP to Pyruvate and ATP?

A

Pyruvate Kinase

47
Q

What does Pyruvate Kinase catalyze?

A

The conversion of PEP to Pyruvate and ATP

48
Q

What are the products for the overall reaction of glycolysis?

A

2 Pyruvate + NADH + 2 ATP +H2) + H+

49
Q

How many ATP are consumed per glucose?

A

2

50
Q

How many ATP are produced per glucose?

A

4

51
Q

What is the Net ATP production per glucose?

A

Two

52
Q

Which steps in glycolysis are considered energy capture steps?

A
  • Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
  • 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-Phosphoglycerate
  • Phsophopehnol pyruvate to Pyruvate
52
Q

Which steps in glycolysis are considered energy capture steps?

A
  • Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
  • 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-Phosphoglycerate
  • Phsophopehnol pyruvate to Pyruvate
53
Q

What high energy molecule is made in the conversion of Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate?

A

NADH

54
Q

What high energy molecule is made in the conversion of:
•1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-Phosphoglycerate
•Phsophopehnol pyruvate to Pyruvate

A

ATP

55
Q

What is the net energy gain when 1 mole of dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted to pyruvate?

A

1 mole of NADH and 2 moles of ATP

56
Q

What doe Glycolysis regulation ensure?

A

It ensures energy needs are met and glucose is not wasted when ATP is abundant. It also allows intermediates to be used in other processes and reactions

57
Q

What is the rate of flux through metabolic pathways regulated by?

A
  • Substrate availability
  • Alteration of enzyme activity
  • Alteration of amount of enzyme
  • Compartmentation
58
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis?

A

PFK-1

59
Q

What are the three enzymes are regulated in glycolysis?

A
  • Hexokinase
  • PFK-1
  • Pyruvate kinase
60
Q

What is glucose 6-phosphate an inhibitor for?

A

Hexokinase

61
Q

What does Hexokinase do?

A

Catalyzes glucose into glucose 6 phosphate

62
Q

What is PFK-1 regulated by?

A
  • ATP
  • AMP
  • Citrate
  • Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
63
Q

How does ATP affect PFK-1?

A

ATP inhibits PFK-1

64
Q

How does AMP affect PFK-1?

A

It activates it

65
Q

How does Phosphoenolpyruvate affect PFK-1?

A

It is a negative effector

66
Q

How is Pyruvate kinase affected by ATP?

A

ATP is a negative effector of Pyruvate kinase

67
Q

Where is ATP a negative effector?

A

At PFK-1 and Pyruvate Kinase

68
Q

How does Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate affect Pyruvate kinase?

A

It activates it

Biocheem (38 decks)

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