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Biocheem > Lecture 30 > Flashcards

Lecture 30 Flashcards

1
Q

What do uncoupled system allow for?

A

Protons to enter the matrix by diffusion without ATP synthesis

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2
Q

What do uncoupled systems produce instead of ATP?

A

They produce heat

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3
Q

What does brown fat do?

A

Produces significant quantities of heat from aerobic catabolic processes that don’t make ATP

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4
Q

What processes still occur in electron transport with an uncoupler?

A
  • Oxygen consumption
  • Electron transport
  • Proton gradient formation
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5
Q

How is the proton gradient and oxygen consumption affected by an uncoupler?

A

A proton gradient is dissipated faster and the rate of electron transport increases so oxygen consumption goes up

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6
Q

How is the P:O ratio affected by an uncoupling protein?

A

The P:O ratio will decrease because the amount of phosphates consumed for every oxygen will consume will decrease as oxygen consumption increases and less phosphate is being used because ATP is not being produced

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7
Q

What is 2,4-dintrophenol?

A

A diet pill that causes uncoupling and produces heat and dissipates the proton gradient

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8
Q

How is oxygen consumption affected by an uncoupler like 2,4-dinitrophenol?

A

Oxygen consumption increases with uncouplers and oxygen concentration decreases until there is no more

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9
Q

What could a depletion of oxygen due to an uncoupler do?

A

It can cause the electron transport chain to stop completely

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10
Q

How is ATP concentration affected by an uncoupler?

A

ATP concentration doesn’t change so it remains constant

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11
Q

What is the consequence of ATP formation and O2 consumption of uncouplers?

A

It slows ATP formation and allows continued O2 consumption

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12
Q

Is Glycolysis Catabolic or Anabolic?

A

Catabolic

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13
Q

What conversion occurs in Glycolysis?

A

The conversion of 1 molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

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14
Q

What high energy molecules does Glycolysis generate?

A

ATP and NADH

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15
Q

How many carbons does glucose have?

A

Six

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16
Q

How many carbons does Pyruvate have?

A

3

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17
Q

What is the reverse pathway from Glycolysis?

A

Gluconeogenesis

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18
Q

What occurs in Gluconeogenesis?

A

2 Pyruvate are converted to glucose

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19
Q

What kind of pathway is gluconeogenesis (anabolic or catabolic) and does it require energy?

A

It is an energy requiring anabolic pathway

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20
Q

What is the difference in energy between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

A

Gluconeogenesis uses more energy in the form of high energy molecule than glycolysis

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21
Q

When does Glycogen synthesis happen?

A

In a state of fasting

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22
Q

What occurs in Glycogen synthesis?

A

Glucose is converted to Glycogen

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23
Q

What happens in Glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen is converted to Glucose

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24
Q

How many carbons does Glucose have?

A

6

25
Q

What groups does Glucose have?

A

It has a six-carbon compound with one aldehyde group and five hydroxyl groups

26
Q

Why is Glucose an Aldose Hexose/ Aldohexose?

A

Because it contains one aldehyde and 6 carbons (Hexose)

27
Q

Is glucose linear or cyclic?

A

In aqueous environments it is cyclic

28
Q

How does glucose go from linear to cyclic?

A

A hydroxyl group can react with a carbonyl to form a hemiacetal

29
Q

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

It is Anaerobic

30
Q

Why is Glycolysis conserved?

A

Because the pathway is shared between so many organisms

31
Q

How many enzyme catalyzed reactions occur is glycolysis?

A

10

32
Q

Where do the enzyme catalyzed reactions in glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytosol

33
Q

What is the product of glycolysis?

A

One glucose is broken down to pyruvate

34
Q

Why is more oxidized: Pyruvate or glucose?

A

Pyruvate

35
Q

What are the two stages of Glycolysis?

A
  • Energy Investment

* Energy Payout

36
Q

What happens to Glucose and ATP in the energy investment phase?

A

It needs to be activated and ATP needs to be consumed

37
Q

What sugars does the investment phase involve?

A

Hexose (6 carbon) sugars

38
Q

What sugars does the Energy Payout phase involve?

A

Triose (3 carbon) sugars

39
Q

What happens to ATP in the energy investment phase?

A

Energy is harvested in the form of ATP

40
Q

What happens to NADH in energy payout phase?

A

NADH is generated

41
Q

What is produced at the end of the energy investment phase?

A

Two molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

42
Q

How many irreversible reactions occur in glycolysis?

A

Three

43
Q

What are the three enzymes that catalyze the irreversible reactions in Glycolysis?

A
  • Hexokinase
  • Phosphofructokinase-1
  • Pyruvate Kinase
44
Q

What three enzymes that catalyze reactions in glycolysis do we need to be aware of?

A
  • Hexokinase
  • Phosphofructokinase-1
  • Pyruvate Kinase
  • Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
45
Q

What occurs in stage the end of the investment phase of Glycolysis?

A

Glucose is converted to two Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate molecules

46
Q

How many ATPs are consumed for every glucose converted to Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate?

A

2 ATP

47
Q

What reaction is catalyzed by hexokinase?

A

The phosphorylate of glucose by ATP to produce Glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) + ADP + H+

48
Q

What reaction is coupled when glucose is converted to Glucose 6-Phosphate?

A

Phosphorylation of Glucose 6-phosphate and the removal of a phosphate from ATP

49
Q

What are the characteristics catalyzed by Hexokinase?

A
  • Irreversible, exergonic
  • Coupled reaction (ATP used)
  • Phosphate transfer reaction
50
Q

What is Glucose 6-Phosphate converted into?

A

Fructose 6-Phosphate

51
Q

What is the difference between glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate?

A

Fructose 6-phosphate is a ketone as opposed to an aldehyde in glucose 6-phosphate

52
Q

What are the characteristics of the reaction that converts Glucose to Fructose in glycolysis?

A
  • Isomerization reactions

* Reversible

53
Q

What happens after fructose 6-phosphate is produced in glycolysis?

A

It is converted into Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

54
Q

How is Fructose 6-Phosphate converted to Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate?

A

Through the transfer of phosphate from another ATP catalyzed by phosphofructokinase-1

55
Q

How many ATP is used in the conversion of Fructose 6-phosphate to Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate?

A

One ATP

56
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of Fructose 6-phosphate to Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase

57
Q

What are the characteristics of the reaction that convert Fructose 6-phosphate to Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in glycolysis?

A
  • Irreversibel exergonic
  • Coupled reaction
  • Phosphate transfer reaction
58
Q

What is rate limiting step in glycolysis?

A

The conversion of Fructose 6-phosphate to Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by PFK-1

Biocheem (38 decks)

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