1.1.4 Internal explanations Flashcards
(15 cards)
What is the interactionist theory on education/internal explanations?
- They take a social action approach.
- They argue a pupils self concept is influenced by teachers & other pupils.
- They view education as directed by meanings & definitions.
- They believe teachers label students based on expectations & a self-fufilling prophecy may occur.
What are Hargreaves et al (1927) indentified stages to labelling?
- Speculation which is when teachers make guesses about the pupil on factors like personality, this view is tentitive so may change.
- Elaboration which is when the hypothesis is tested & the judgement becomes confident.#
- Stabilisation which is when teachers feel that they know the pupil & actions will be evaluated in terms of the pupil.
What did Becker (1977) show with his observation?
- Classifications, judgements & evaluations were made in terms of an ‘ideal student’.
- MC pupil were closest to this ideal.
- Teachers perceived pupil & this influences how they interacted wit the student.
What did Rosenthal & Jacobson (1968) show about the self fulfilling prophecy in their research?
- They examined the effects & consequences of teachers definitions & expectations.
- A standard intelligence test.
- The selected excellent progress group claimed self fulfilling prophecy.
What are criticisms of labelling & the self fulfilling prophecy?
- Generalising the effects of labelling.
- Assume pupil are passive when they may resist labels & prove teachers wrong.
- Negative labels may actually motivate students.
What is setting & streaming?
- Grouping pupil based of ability.
- Low sets may undermine pupil & discourage them from trying.
What did Keddie (1971) show in his research about setting & streaming?
- Teachers taught lower & higher set pupil differently.
- Higher sets were expected to behave better, do more work & received more homework which gave them greater opportunities.
What did Ball (1976) show in his research about setting & streaming?
- Top stream students were warmed up by encouragement to achieve highly.
- Lower stream students are encouraged to lower status vocational courses.
- It is often linked to social class.
- Contributes to the underachievement of WC pupil.
- Many WC pupil often rebel against the school.
What did Hargreaves (1976) reveal about pupil/anti school subcultures?
- Bottom stream pupil often rebel against the school & develop alternative values in opposition to the school, they form anti school subcultures.
- They’re formed to improve their own self esteem by achieving status in their peer group.
- They’re more likely to be from WC backgrounds.
What did Bourdieu’s (1984) research show about pupil class identities?
- He focuses on habitus, which are taken-for-granted ways of thinking that are shaped by social class.
- MC have the power to define habitus as superior & impose it on the educational system.
What did Archers study reveal about class identities?
- WC pupil felt that to be educationally successful, they’d have to change themselves.
- They constructed meaningful class identities, such as nike identities.
- Style performances were policed & not conforming was social suicide.
What do Gilbourn & Youdell (2001) reveal in their study about marketisation & selection?
- It explains why schools are under so much pressure to achieve a good league table position.
- The educational triage is when schools categorise pupil into 3 sections, those who will pass anyway, those with potential & hopeless cases.
What does Bertlett (1993) argue marketisation leads to?
- Cream skimming which is selecting pupil who will gain the best results.
- Silt shifting which is off loading pupil with learning difficulties who are more expensive & get poor results.
- It shows a polarised education system which MC intakes being large at one school being extremely popular & WC schools being low achieveing.
What does Bourdieu & Archer say about symbolic violence?
- It is the withholding of symbolic capital.
- Led to the creation of alternative ways of creating self worth, status & value.
- It is earned symbolic capital.
What does Rutter et al (1979) show in their research about the school?
- Good schools make a difference to the life of all pupil.
- Emphasis on praise and reward.
- Ethos & atmosphere that have a mixture of abilities within the school.
