M4: L-2

Question 1

What is the rate determining step in addition reactions?

Answer 1

Nucleophile attacks carbonyl carbon

Question 2

What are the steps of addition reactions with strong nucleophiles?

Answer 2

• nucleophile attacks first and bonds to carbonyl carbons

- electrophile attacks negatively charged oxygen in second step

Question 3

What are the steps of addition reactions with a weak nucleophile?

Answer 3

• Electrophile attacks first

- nucleophile attacks carbocation

Question 4

Why are aldehydes more reactive than ketones?

Answer 4

The Carbonyl carbon in ketones is a worse electrophile than in aldehydes

Question 5

Why is the carbonyl carbon in a ketone less reactive than in aldehydes? (2)

Answer 5

• sterically hindered ( bulky substituents)

- alkyl groups are electron donating and reduction + charge on carbon ( ketones have 2 aldehydes have 1)

Question 6

What is the result of an addition reaction of an aldehyde wth an alcohol?

Answer 6

Hemiacetal

Question 7

What is the result of a substitution reaction of a Hemiacetal + an alcohol

Answer 7

Acetal

Question 8

Are amines stronger or weaker nucleophiles than alcohols?

Answer 8

Stronger

Question 9

Does an addition reaction of an aldehyde with a 1st degree amide occur in one step or two?

Answer 9

One

Question 10

What is the result of an addition and then elimination reaction under the same conditions of an aldehyde with an amine?

Answer 10

Imide