M4: L-2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the rate determining step in addition reactions?

A

Nucleophile attacks carbonyl carbon

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2
Q

What are the steps of addition reactions with strong nucleophiles?

A
  • nucleophile attacks first and bonds to carbonyl carbons

- electrophile attacks negatively charged oxygen in second step

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3
Q

What are the steps of addition reactions with a weak nucleophile?

A
  • Electrophile attacks first

- nucleophile attacks carbocation

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4
Q

Why are aldehydes more reactive than ketones?

A

The Carbonyl carbon in ketones is a worse electrophile than in aldehydes

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5
Q

Why is the carbonyl carbon in a ketone less reactive than in aldehydes? (2)

A
  • sterically hindered ( bulky substituents)

- alkyl groups are electron donating and reduction + charge on carbon ( ketones have 2 aldehydes have 1)

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6
Q

What is the result of an addition reaction of an aldehyde wth an alcohol?

A

Hemiacetal

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7
Q

What is the result of a substitution reaction of a Hemiacetal + an alcohol

A

Acetal

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8
Q

Are amines stronger or weaker nucleophiles than alcohols?

A

Stronger

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9
Q

Does an addition reaction of an aldehyde with a 1st degree amide occur in one step or two?

A

One

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10
Q

What is the result of an addition and then elimination reaction under the same conditions of an aldehyde with an amine?

A

Imide

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