Week 2

Question 1

____________ are nitrogenous bases that contain one ring.

Answer 1

Pyrimidines.

Question 2

________________ are bicyclic nitrogenous bases that contain two rings.

Answer 2

Purines.

Question 3

___________ are biomolecules that contain a nitrogenous base, a (deoxy)ribose sugar, and a phosphate group.

Answer 3

Nucleotides.

Question 4

___________ are biomolecules that contain a nitrogenous base and a (deoxy)ribose sugar.

Answer 4

Nucleosides.

Question 5

____________ are polymers of nucleotides.

Answer 5

Nucleic acids.

Question 6

_____________ occurs when hydrophobic molecules aggregate within an oily pocket within a molecule.

Answer 6

Hydrophobic effect.

Question 7

How many bases are found on one full turn of the DNA helix?

Answer 7

10

Question 8

___________ are minor errors in the DNA sequence.

Answer 8

Mutations

Question 9

____________ is the copying of DNA, it is bidirectional and semiconservative.

Answer 9

Replication.

Question 10

Both the ________ strand and the ___________ strand are synthesized from the 5’ to 3’ direction.

Answer 10

Leading and Lagging.

Question 11

Why can’t you synthesize both strands of DNA continuously?

Answer 11

Because you need to start from a certain position and DNA polymerase only works in one direction.

Question 12

____________________ is the synthesis of short DNA fragments (up to 70 nucleotides) can be done by hand or robotically.

Answer 12

Solid phase nucleotide synthesis.

Question 13

In solid phase nucleotide synthesis ___________ groups insure we are only adding 1 base at a time.

Answer 13

Protecting

Question 14

________________ can be used to amplify millions of copies of a single fragment of DNA in a short period of time.

Answer 14

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Question 15

What does the PCR reaction mixture contain?

Answer 15

1. Template DNA
2. Primers
3. Heat stable polymerase
4. Deoxynucleotides.

Question 16

What is the role of the primer in a PCR mixture?

Answer 16

It prevents the 2 strands of DNA from reattaching.

Question 17

What are the steps for PCR?

Answer 17

1. Denature
2. Anneal oligonucleotide primers
   3.Extension of primers with taq polymerase.

Question 18

What reaction mixture do we use for Sanger sequencing method?

Answer 18

1. Template DNA
2. Oligonucleotide or sequencing primer
3. DNA polymerase
4. Radiolabeled dideoxynucleotides.

Question 19

______________ DNA sequencing that uses flourescently labeled dye terminator nucleotides.

Answer 19

Fluorescent.

Question 20

In ______________ sequencing genomic DNA is fragmented and ligated to adapters.

Answer 20

Illumina.

Question 21

____________ encoding is ligase based sequencing technology, it’s better at detecting single nucleotide polymorphism and is less expensive but slower than other sequencing techniques.

Answer 21

Two-Base Encoding.

Question 22

___________________ are enzymes that cut DNA.

Answer 22

Restriction Enzymes.

Question 23

____________ ends are easier to attach to other DNA sequences, more likely to have random reactions.

Answer 23

Sticky.

Question 24

___________ ends are harder to attach other sequences of DNA, less likely to have random reactions.

Answer 24

Blunt.

Question 25

_________________ are enzymes that seal breaks in the sugar phosphate backbone, they can join blunt or sticky ends.

Answer 25

DNA ligases.

Question 26

________________ are enzymes that synthesize a new strand of DNA.

Answer 26

DNA polymerase.

Question 27

____________ are enzymes that help remove base stacking.

Answer 27

Topoisomerase.

Question 28

________________ are enzymes that remove RNA primers and ___________ adds the missing complementary bases.

Answer 28

Exonucleases, DNA polymerase.

Question 29

________________ is the process of copying DNA in a living organism.

Answer 29

Cloning

Question 30

____________ are short loops of bacterial DNA that bacteria use to exchange genes with one another, they can optimized by cloning DNA.

Answer 30

Plasmids.

Question 31

_______________ is the process of getting pieces of DNA into a bacterial cell.

Answer 31

Transformation.

Question 32

_____________ is the process of getting pieces of DNA into a eukaryotic cell.

Answer 32

Transfection.

Question 33

_______________ is the process in which DNA can be introduced into the cell.

Answer 33

Electroporation.

Question 34

Methods of transfection include:

Answer 34

1. Virus infection.
2. Electroporation.
3. Cationic lipids.
4. Microinjection.

Question 35

______________ is the technique in which DNA is put onto microscopic particles of gold or tungsten, and these particles are physically blasted into the cell using a pulse of helium gas. It is effective for genes that are hard to transfect.

Answer 35

Biolistics.

Question 36

______________ used to introduce DNA to alter the genetic sequence of a virus and use that virus to deliver genes. Modifies the viral genome.

Answer 36

Recombinant Viral-Mediated Gene Delivery.

Question 37

________________ are organisms that can be transfected with pieces of DNA integrated into the host genome.

Answer 37

Transgenic Organisms.

Question 38

__________________ is the process in which a specific mutation is generated at a specific site in the sequence.

Answer 38

Site-directed mutagenesis.

Question 39

___________ is the process of removing a protein.

Answer 39

Gene silencing.

Question 40

______________ are organisms that can take advantage of homologous recombination to delete a gene.

Answer 40

Knockout organisms.

Question 41

______________ exchanging a DNA sequence with another one with large, very similar ends. Occurs During meiosis in eukaryotes.

Answer 41

Homologous recombination.

Question 42

_______________ is the process in which gene expression is regulated, short stretches of mRNA are synthesized that are the __________ complement message.

Answer 42

RNA interference, reverse.

Question 43

___________ it is RNA interference but smaller.

Answer 43

siRNA.

Question 44

siRNA uses ___________ enzymes to induce assembly in a manner which prevents mRNA reading.

Answer 44

Dicer.

Question 45

CRISPR works in combination with the nuclease ___________ to cut both strands of DNA and leave them exposed.

Answer 45

Cas9.