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biochemistry > Week 11 > Flashcards

Week 11 Flashcards

1
Q

____________ are hydrophobic molecules and are usually found in membranes.

A

Lipids

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2
Q

____________ means can have polar and non polar components.

A

Amphipathic.

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3
Q

____________ contains two leaflets of phospholipids.

A

Plasma membrane

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4
Q

_____________ are lipids that contain glycerol backbone.

A

Glycerphospholipids.

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5
Q

___________ are lipids that contain phosphate groups.

A

Phospholipids.

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6
Q

____________ are lipids that contain a sphingosine backbone.

A

Sphingolipids.

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7
Q

_____________ are steroid containing lipids and is added to a membrane to increase fluidity.

A

Cholesterol.

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8
Q

___________ is the movement of particles down a concentration gradient.

A

Diffusion.

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9
Q

Diffusion of molecules depends on several factors:

A

Size
Shape
Temperature
Solvent Viscosity

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10
Q

__________ are proteins embedded in the plasma membrane.

A

Integral Membrane Proteins

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11
Q

____________ are examples of membrane-spanning proteins.

A

Seven-Transmembrane Receptors

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12
Q

Seven-Transmembrane Receptors contain seven transmembrane ______________ that span the membrane.

A

Alpha helices.

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13
Q

_____________ are associated with the surface of the membrane, can be linked through a hydrophobic anchor, and not embedded in the plasma membrane.

A

Peripheral Membrane proteins

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14
Q

___________ methods for molecules to pass in and out of the cell or organelle.

A

Transporters.

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15
Q

___________ takes one molecule through the membrane.

A

Uniporter

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16
Q

____________ takes two different molecules through the membrane.

A

Symporter

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17
Q

____________ swaps one molecule with the other from the other side of the membrane.

A

Antiporter.

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18
Q

In ______________ energy is required , molecules move up a concentration gradient, can be primary or secondary.

A

Active transport

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19
Q

_____________ active transports uses ATP directly to drive ion movement.

A

Primary

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20
Q

____________ active transports, gradient pumps a second molecule across membrane.

A

Secondary

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21
Q

In ______________ molecules move down a concentration gradient, can occur through channels.

A

Passive Transport

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22
Q

A lot of ___________ gated channels are considered uriporters.

A

Voltage

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23
Q

______________ is the movement of solvent through a semipermeable barrier from a region of low to high solute concentration.

A

Osmosis

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24
Q

__________ are structures that aggregate in the plasma membrane. They are involved in cell signaling and tethering cell membranes.

A

Lipid Rafts.

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25
Q

Lipids Rafts are composed of ____________ and ____________.

A

Cholesterol and sphingolipids.

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26
Q

_______________ is generally accomplished through chemical signals; although some specialized cells can detect and respond to light.

A

Signal Transduction

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27
Q

Signal binds specifically to the ___________ on the extracellular sides.

A

Receptor

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28
Q

____________ is a chemical compound released by other cells somewhere in the organism or by other organisms in the environment.

A

Signal.

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29
Q

___________ is a chemical message made in response to a signal that amplifies and propagates it inside the cell.

A

Second messenger.

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30
Q

_________ occurs when a common signaling molecule that is active in both pathways.

A

Cross talk

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31
Q

_____________ is a molecule that generates the second messenger.

A

Effector.

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32
Q

______________ is a tetramer with 2 regulatory and 2 catalytic subunits.

A

Protein Kinase A (PKA)

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33
Q

PKA is activated by a signal from a ______________.

A

Catecholamine

34
Q

Catecholamine binds to a _____________ receptor and activates heterotrimeric __________ protein.

A

Beta-adrenergic receptor, G.

35
Q

____________ subunit exchanges GDP for GTP.

A

G alpha

36
Q

G alpha subunit disassociates from the complex and activates _____________.

A

Adenylate cyclase.

37
Q

Activated adenylate cyclase produces ___________ from ATP.

A

cAMP.

38
Q

cAMP binds to the regulatory subunits of ____________, activating it .

A

PKA.

39
Q

______________ will make the G-protein constantly on.

A

Cholera Toxin

40
Q

____________ is a peptide hormone, it is a growth factor and regulates glucose levels.

A

Insulin.

41
Q

Insulin functions through a receptor called ____________.

A

Tyrosine Kinase.

42
Q

Insulin binds to its receptor causing dimerization of the receptor and recruitment of ____________.

A

IRS-1.

43
Q

Phosphorylated IRS-1 initiates a phosphorylation cascade, resulting in the activation of __________.

A

Erk.

44
Q

Erk alters gene expression via ______________ pathway and Erk.

A

MAP kinase

45
Q

IRS-1 activates _____________, which converts ______________ to ______________.

A

PI3K, PIP2 to PIP3.

46
Q

PIP3 then activates _____________.

A

PDK1.

47
Q

Activated PDK1 phosphorylates _______________.

A

Akt.

48
Q

Akt phosphorylates trafficking proteins on _____________ vesicles.

A

Glut 4.

49
Q

Glut 4 vesicles translocate to the plasma membrane, increasing _____________ transport.

A

Glucose.

50
Q

Akt can phosphorylate ____________, which breaks down cAMP, decreasing PKA signaling.

A

PDE-3B

51
Q

Akt can phosphorylate ____________, which increases protein synthesis.

A

mTOR.

52
Q

_______________ is a cytosolic kinase that responds to AMP levels and acts as acute regulator of cellular metabolism.

A

AMP- activated protein kinase (AMPK)

53
Q

Increased AMP activates ____________ which activates catabolic pathways that break down ____________ which activates ____________ and promotes the storage of carbohydrates.

A

AMPK, Triglycerides, Beta-oxidation.

54
Q

What nucleotide is an allosteric regulator of protein kinase A and many other enzymes?

A

cAMP.

55
Q

_____________ are typically small, soluble signals that are generated or released within the cell in response to an extracellular signal.

A

Second messengers

56
Q

In ______________ , kinase becomes active and phosphorylates a second kinase downstream of the first.

A

Kinase Cascades.

57
Q

______________ are enzymes that cleave phosphates from proteins, play a key role in reversing the action of kinases and shutting down kinase signaling cascades.

A

Phosphatases.

58
Q

________________ dephosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase, inactivating it and stopping the release of glucose from glycogen breakdown.

A

Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1).

59
Q

_______________ are common structural motifs in signaling proteins.

A

SH2 domains.

60
Q

SH2 domains bind specifically but reversibly to phosphorylated _____________ residues.

A

Tyrosine.

61
Q

________________ and _______________ are involved in inflammation response and are activated by cytokines.

A

JAK, STAT.

62
Q

_________________ are family of kinases that respond to mitogens, growth factors and pro-inflammatory signals that lead to cell proliferation. Contribute to the unmitigated growth of cells in cancer.

A

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP).

63
Q

___________________ receptors bind to lipoplysacharrides, endotoxins, fibrillar and profilin (bacterial proteins), and several heat shock proteins.

A

Toll-like

64
Q

__________________ small, serine-threonine protein kinases that regulate progression throughout the cell cycle. Regulate cell growth and replication.

A

Cyclin-dependant kinases (CDK)

65
Q

_______________ is a gaseous signaling molecule that is involved in the nervous system.

A

Nitric Oxide

66
Q

______________ is the process by which proteins are packaged, are sorted, and find their place in the cell.

A

Protein Trafficking

67
Q

_______________ is a short peptide sequence that belong to proteins that move to a location outside the cytosol. Directs the nascent protein to an organelle.

A

Signal Sequence

68
Q

_________________ is a protease that resides in the ER lumen. It cleaves the signal peptide of some proteins, resulting in the loss of the transmembrane domain and formation of a soluble protein within the ER lumen.

A

Signal Peptidase

69
Q

Most proteins are packaged into membrane-bound transport ____________ for trafficking around the cell.

A

Vesicles

70
Q

_______________ involves in vesicle formation, examples include clathrin, COPI, and COPII.

A

Coat Proteins

71
Q

_______________ transport, trafficking of proteins out of the cell.

A

Anterograde

72
Q

________________ transport, movement from the Golgi apparatus back to the ER.

A

Retrograde transport.

73
Q

_________________ one of the main coat proteins found trafficking among the trans Golgi apparatus, the plasma membrane, and endosomal compartments. Involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis of lipoproteins.

A

Clathrin

74
Q

_______________ coat proteins undergo retrograde transport.

A

COPI

75
Q

_______________ coat proteins undergo anterograde transport.

A

COPII

76
Q

_______________ can occur via the fusion of a vesicle of neurotransmitter or integral membrane proteins with the plasma membrane.

A

Vesicular fusion

77
Q

Vesicular fusion triggers the ____________ of the vesicle contents, either into the target membrane or outside the cell in the form of secretion.

A

Exocytosis.

78
Q

_______________ -snare bind to vesicles.

A

V

79
Q

_____________ -snare bind to the target membrane.

A

T

80
Q

_______________ are integral membrane proteins, anchored in their C termini.

A

SNARE structure

biochemistry (32 decks)

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