Week 3

Question 1

Ribonucleotides polymerize to form ____________, where as 2-deoxyribonucleotides polymerize to form _____________.

Answer 1

RNA, DNA.

Question 2

What is the difference about uracil relative to thymine?

Answer 2

A methyl group has been replaced with a hydrogen, this means its slightly less hydrophobic which marginally contributes to the lower stability of RNA.

Question 3

_____________ is the copying of DNA into an RNA message.

Answer 3

Transcription

Question 4

What would happen if introns are not spliced out before translation?

Answer 4

We wouldn’t have a functional protein.

Question 5

____________ is the synthesis of proteins.

Answer 5

Translation.

Question 6

Peptides are synthesized from the ________ terminus to the _________ terminus.

Answer 6

N, C.

Question 7

________________ are the sequences of RNA that code for individual amino acids.

Answer 7

The genetic code

Question 8

________________ are multiple codons for the same amino acid.

Answer 8

Degenerate codons.

Question 9

_______________ is the favoritism of certain degenerate codon over others.

Answer 9

Codon bias.

Question 10

____________ is the lack of consistency in the third base of a codon.

Answer 10

Wobble.

Question 11

Mitochondrial genome differs between species by as many as ____________ codons.

Answer 11

4.

Question 12

______________ is the process in which genes are expressed at different levels.

Answer 12

Gene regulation

Question 13

_____________ make sections of mRNA to go double stranded which can also make it last longer.

Answer 13

Riboswitches.

Question 14

_____________ are small pathogenic assemblies of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) that require a cellular host for replication.

Answer 14

Viruses.

Question 15

_____________ use RNA to make DNA during their life cycle.

Answer 15

Retroviruses.

Question 16

____________ is the synthesis of an RNA message from a DNA template.

Answer 16

Transcription.

Question 17

____________ have a single RNA polymerase that transcribes all RNAs.

Answer 17

Prokaryotes.

Question 18

_______________ have specific RNA polymerase that synthesize different classes of RNA.

Answer 18

Eukaryotes.

Question 19

RNA polymerase are large they weigh _____________

Answer 19

500kDa.

Question 20

What are the types or RNA?

Answer 20

1- ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
2- transfer RNA (tRNA)
3- messenger RNA (mRNA)
4- small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs)
5- microRNAs (miRNAs)

Question 21

_______________ are proteins that bind to DNA sequences that send signals that direct RNA polymerase to bind at the appropriate location on the DNA helix and begin transcribing RNA.

Answer 21

Transcription factors.

Question 22

What are the 5 stages of transcription?

Answer 22

1- Pre-initiation
2-Initiation
3- Promoter clearance
4- Elongation
5- Termination

Question 23

Transcription factors fall into 2 categories:

Answer 23

1- Core promoters
2- Specific transcription factors

Question 24

Bacterial pre-initiation complex consists of_____________

Answer 24

RNA polymerase and a core promoter (sigma factor)

Question 25

Eukaryote pre-initiation complex consists of a_____________

Answer 25

Core promoter that is upstream of the transcription start site.

Question 26

The TATA box is an example of a _____________

Answer 26

Core promoter.

Question 27

_____________ are viruses that have an RNA genome that must be written into DNA in the host cell for the virus to reproduce.

Answer 27

Retroviruses.

Question 28

_______________ is the process in which DNA is generated from mRNA.

Answer 28

Reverse transcription