Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

___________________ is also know as the Krebs cycles and tricarboxylic acid cycle, and it serves as the central metabolic hub.

A

The Citric Acid Cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In the first step of the Citric acid cycle, ______________ and ________________ undergo a claisen condensation to give _______________.

A

Oxaloacetate, acetyl-CoA, Citrate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

______________ is the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of citrate.

A

Citrate synthase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In the second step of the Citric acid cycle, the ___________ alcohol of citrate is isomerized to a _____________ alcohol in ____________ .

A

Tertiary, Secondary, Isocitrate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

______________ is the enzyme responsible for the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate.

A

Aconitase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In the third step of the Citric acid cycle, the __________ group of isocitrate is oxidized to a _____________, which leads to the loss of CO2 and formation of ____________.

A

Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, NADH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

___________ is the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of _______________ from isocitrate.

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketogluturate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

_____________ is the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of _____________ from alpha-ketogluturate.

A

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, Succinyl-CoA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

____________ is the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of _______________ from Succinyl-CoA.

A

Succinyl-CoA synthase, Succinate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In the fifth step of the Citric acid cycle, hydrolysis of CoA from succinate is a _______________ phosphorylation, generating ______________.

A

Substrate-level, ATP or GTP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

__________________ is the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ______________ from succinate.

A

Succinate dehydrogenase, Fumarate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In the sixth step of the Citric acid cycle, saturated C-C bond is desaturated. The electrons are captured as ___________.

A

FADH2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

__________________ is the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ______________ from Fumarate.

A

Fumarase, Malate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In the seventh step of the citric acid cycle, the double bond is hydrated to an ________________.

A

Alcohol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

__________________ is the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ______________ from malate.

A

Malate dehydrogenase, Oxaloacetate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In the eighth step of the citric acid cycle, the hydroxyl group is oxidized to a ____________, yielding oxaloacetate and ______________.

A

Carbonyl, NADH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In the citric acid cycle, ____________ inhibits three dehydrogenases.

A

NADH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

_________________ reactions replenish levels of citric acid cycle intermediates through a number of mechanisms.

A

Anaplerotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

_______________ reactions occur when amine groups are shuttled to alpha-ketoglutarate to generate glutamate and a new alpha-keto acid from the old amino acid.

A

Transamination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Levels of _______________ can be replenished by removal of the amine moiety from the amino acid glutamate.

A

Alpha-ketoglutarate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

________________ can be generated via catabolism of odd-chain fatty acids, branched-chain amino acids, or the amino acids Thr and Met (via alpha-ketobutyrate)

A

Propionyl-CoA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Oxaloacetate replenishment can be generated from glutamate via ______________ transamination.

A

Aspartate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In the citric acid cycle, which enzyme catalyzes a non-reversible step?

A

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In the citric acid and glycolysis, ___________ ATP, ___________ NADH, and ____________ FADH2 are generated from a single glucose molecule.

A

4,10, and 2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

______________ occurs in the matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane.

A

Electron transport chain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Ubiquinone have 2 electron carriers on the ___________ groups.

A

Carbonyl.

27
Q

Higher energy electrons go to lower energy electrons to prevent the creation of _________________ species.

A

Reactive oxygen.

28
Q

______________ and ____________ are two important mitochondrial shuttles that transport metabolites from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol.

A

Glycerophosphate shuttle, and Aspartate-malate shuttle.

29
Q

The ________________ shuttle is reversible.

A

Aspartate-malate.

30
Q

________________ has the highest reducing potential, is a NADH dehydrogenase and the site of NADH oxidation.

A

Complex I.

31
Q

Complex I pumps ______________ out of the mitochondrial matrix.

A

4H+

32
Q

________________ is a succinate dehydrogenase and generates FADH2 and ubiquinone, no protons are pumped out of the matrix

A

Complex II

33
Q

____________________ is a ubiquinone/cytochrome c reductase. Pumps ________________ out of the mitochondrial matrix.

A

Complex III, 4H+

34
Q

________________ is a combination of oxidized and reduced forms of ubiquinone found in the mitochondrial membrane.

A

Q pool.

35
Q

____________ is a soluble electron carrier, receives electrons from complex III.

A

Cytochrome C

36
Q

Cytochrome C has a ____________ protein buried in its core, but is reduced through quantum mechanics. The ___________ protein carries _____________ electron.

A

Heme, One.

37
Q

The ETC has a higher reduction potential for ____________ and a lower reduction potential for ______________.

A

NADH, NAD+.

38
Q

_______________ is a cytochrome c oxidase, uses 4 different electron carriers and reduces O2 to H2O.

A

Complex IV.

39
Q

Complex IV takes _____________ electrons from cytochrome c and pumps ___________ out of the mitochondrial matrix.

A

4, 2H+.

40
Q

_____________ is an aggregated supercomplex containing complexes I,III, and IV.

A

Respirasome.

41
Q

The respirasome assists with ___________ channeling.

A

Substrate.

42
Q

______________ is a poison that affects the functions of complex IV.

A

Cyanide

43
Q

______________ is a poison that affects the functions of complex III.

A

Antimycin A1.

44
Q

______________ is a poison that affects the functions of complex II.

A

Carboxyl (fungicide).

45
Q

______________ is a poison that affects the functions of complex I.

A

Rotenone (insecticide).

46
Q

______________ are easily protonated/ deprotonated partially membrane soluble (hydrophobic but somewhat amphipathic) molecules which ferry protons and break down the gradient essentially at random.

A

Uncouplers.

47
Q

How many electrons can a fully oxidized quinone accept?

A

2

48
Q

_______________ is a multimeric enzyme that uses the electrochemical energy from the proton gradient to produce ATP from ADP and Pi.

A

ATP synthase.

49
Q

ATP synthesis is done by the __________ subunit, and H+ translocation is done by the _____________ subunit.

A

F1, F0.

50
Q

Protons move between a and b subunits of the ___________ complex.

A

F0.

51
Q

___________ and ____________ subunits also move through the hexer of alpha and beta subunits.

A

Gamma and Epsilon

52
Q

Always ___________ F1 rotations subunits but ___________ c’s.

A

Six, 8-17.

53
Q

Humans have __________ c’s.

A

8

54
Q

_________________ force is the electrochemical potential derived from the uneven distribution of electrons across the inner mitochondrial matrix.

A

Proton motive.

55
Q

_____________ potential is the higher concentration of protons on the outside of the membrane than the inside.

A

Chemical.

56
Q

______________ potential is the added positive charge that accumulates on the outside of the membrane.

A

Electric.

57
Q

ETC pumps protons _____________ the gradient.

A

Against.

58
Q

_______________ is an enzyme that transports ATP from the mitochondria in exchange for ADP.

A

ATP:ADP translocase.

59
Q

______________ domain is an integral membrane protein spanning six alpha helices.

A

Transmembrane

60
Q

_______________ ATPase have isolated factor involved in ADP phosphorylation.

A

F-type (F0/F1 ATPase)

61
Q

_______________, ________________, and ______________ are inhibitors of the F-type ATPase.

A

Oligomycin, Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), Aurovertin B.

62
Q

_______________ ATPase are found in vacuoles and use energy of ATP hydrolysis to pump H+ or Na+ into vacuoles. It is also involved in endocytosis, protein trafficking, active transport of metabolite and neurotransmitter release.

A

V-type.

63
Q

_______________, ________________, ______________, and _________________ are inhibitors of the V-type ATPase.

A

Bafilomycin, Concanmycin, Apicularen, Lobatamide.

64
Q

Which subunits of ATP synthase rotate?

A

c, g, and e.

Biochemistry (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions