1. wk 4 Cellular adaptation to enviro stress (f)

Question 1

what are two effects on a cell during atrophy

Answer 1

1. decrease in size of the cell by loss of cell sub

2. decrease metabolic & fxn activity

Question 2

during atrophy of an ORGAN there will be a decrease in either the ____ of the cell or the ____

Answer 2

size of the cell

or number of cells

Question 3

____: is an adaptive response to decrease body req. for fxn of a certain cell

Answer 3

atrophy

Question 4

during pathogenesis there will be a decrease in ___ & ___

Answer 4

cytoplasm & number of cytoplasmic organelles

Question 5

during atrophy there is an increase in the number of _____

Answer 5

autophagic vacuoles

• where cytoplasmic organelles are degraded by lysosomal enzymes

Question 6

**_______: is resistant debris accumulated in cytoplasm

Answer 6

lipofuscin

Question 7

what are 5 tiss. that naturally experience phsiological atrophy

Answer 7

1. umbilical vessels & ductus arteriosus
2. thymus
3. ovaries, uterus, and breast
4. testicular
5. muscle mass

Question 8

_____: occurs when a M. & bone is immobilized

Answer 8

disuse atrophy

Question 9

prolonged atrophy to the bone is ____

Answer 9

osteoporosis

Question 10

___ atrophy: loss of innervation

Answer 10

denervation atrophy

Question 11

_____ atrophy: loss of blood supply

Answer 11

ischemic atrophy

Question 12

_____: increase size of a tis or organ due to increase size of individual cells

Answer 12

hypertrophy

Question 13

What is the mechanism of hypertrophy?

Answer 13

adaptive response to increase fxn demand of tis made up of permantent cells

Question 14

Hypertrophy is not _____ of the cells

Answer 14

division

Question 15

What are two pathological/ physiologic hypertrophy

Answer 15

1. increase functional demand

2. increase horm stim

Question 16

What are three classifications of permanent cells

Answer 16

skeletal M
neuro
cardio

Question 17

the uterine muscle called _______ smooth muscle grow with hormonal stim during prego

Answer 17

myometrial smooth M

• the endometrium can divide - therefore it undergoes hyperplasia

Question 18

______: increase of an organ or tiss as a result of increase number of component cells

Answer 18

hyperplasia

Question 19

What are the three cell types that can undergo hyperplasia

Answer 19

hematopoietic
epithelial
CT

• the cells can divide

Question 20

What cell types can not under go hyperplasia

Answer 20

cardiac
nerve
skeletal M cells

Question 21

What parts of the female bdy grow by hyperplasia?

Answer 21

breast at PUBERTY

endometrium during MENSTRATION

Question 22

hyperplasia vs. neoplasia (3 pts)

Answer 22

Hyperplasia: known stim , reversible, cells look normal

neoplasia: may occur without known stim, irreversible , abnormal in malignant

Question 23

______: replacement of one adult mature cell type by another cell type

Answer 23

metaplasia

Question 24

______ mechanism is adaptive replacement of cells that are sensitive to stress by more resistant ones

Answer 24

metaplasia

• is reversible

Question 25

Loss of endocrine stim is a result of decreased ___ & ___ section

Answer 25

decreased estrogen secretion
decreased pituitary trophic horm

(high doses of corticosteroids - cancer tx)

Question 26

there is atrophy to the ___&___ as a release of nutritional atrophy

Answer 26

adipose tis & pancreas

Question 27

c.c. there is brain atrophy in _____ condition

Answer 27

senil dementia

Question 28

The ___ narrow and the ____ widen toward the frontal pole in alzheimers

Answer 28

gyri narrow

sulci widen

Question 29

during pathological hypertrophy here is an increase in ___ & ____ during hypertrophy

Answer 29

increase amt of cytoplasm

increase number of cytoplasmic organelles

Question 30

(3) cells that have little ability to become hyperplastic

Answer 30

cardiac, N & skeletal

Question 31

during squamous metaplasia there is replacement of the normal columnar ______ epithelium of the respiratory tract with _____ epithelium in smokers

C.C. Name

Answer 31

normal: columnar ciliated epithelium
smokers: stratified squamous
name: squamous metaplasia

Question 32

glandular metaplasia is the replacement of the normal _____ epithelium of the esophagus with _______ epithelium in reflux esophagitis

c.c. Name

Answer 32

normal: stratified squamous epithelium

reflux esophagitis: mucous secreting epithium

Name: glandular metaplasia

Question 33

______cells: differentiate into normal appearing mature squamous epithelium that replaces columnar epithelium

Answer 33

reverse cells

Question 34

c.c.____: herniation portion of the gastric fundus along the esophgus bc of a defect in the diaphragmatic CT

Answer 34

Paraesophageal Hernia

Question 35

c.c._______: white squamous mucosa of the prox esophagus is contrasted with the columnar lining of the distal esophagus

Answer 35

Barrett esophagus

Question 36

_______ abnormality of maturation & differentiation of epithelium

Answer 36

dysplasia

Question 37

____ detect dysplasia in the cervix

Answer 37

pap smear

Question 38

______ : abnormal deposition of Ca+ salts in soft tiss

Answer 38

pathological calcification

Question 39

calcification occurs in the ____ of dead or dying cells

Answer 39

mitochondria

Question 40

______: are calcification that occurs within the mitoch. of dead or dying cells

Answer 40

psammoma bodies

Question 41

c.c._______: a doughnut shaped calcification around the mitral valve annulus

Answer 41

mitral annulus calcification

Question 42

_________: deposition of Ca+ salts in normal tus where there is hypercalcemia

Answer 42

metastatic calcifcation

Question 43

________: failure of development of an organ or structure within

Answer 43

agenesis (aplasia)

Question 44

________: failure of the development of a lumen normally tubular structure

Answer 44

atresia

Question 45

________: failure of an organ to attain its normal size

Answer 45

hypoplasia

Question 46

_______: failure of normal organ differentiation or persistence of primitive embryological structures

Answer 46

maldifferentiation (dysgenesis)

Question 47

________: development of mature tis in an inappropriate site

Answer 47

ectopia (heterotopia)