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T3- Patho unit 1 > dani - ch 4 > Flashcards

dani - ch 4 Flashcards

1
Q

atrophy of cell

- decrease in the size of cell by loss of cell substance –> ___ metabolic and functional activity

A

decrease

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2
Q

atrophy of organ

- decrease in size due to a decrease in ___ of cell or ___ of cells

A

size

number

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3
Q

mechanism of atrophy = ____ response

A

adaptive

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4
Q

pathogenesis of atrophy

  • ___ in amount of cytoplasm
  • ___ in number of cytoplasmic organelles
  • marked ___ in number of autophagic vacuoles where cytoplasmic organelles are degraded by ___ enzymes
  • resistant depris accumulate in ____ like ___
A 
decrease
decrease
increase
lysosomal
lipfuscin
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5
Q

physiological atrophy:

  • ___ vessels and ductus arteriosus
  • ___ after puberty
  • ___, ___ and ___ after puberty
  • ___ atrophy in elderly men
  • reduction in ___ ___ in elderly
A 
umbilical
thymus
ovaries; breasts and uterus
testicular
muscle mass
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6
Q

____ atrophy: decrease in function (skeletal muscles and bones in immobilized fractured limb)

A

disuse

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7
Q

___ atrophy: loss of innervation

A

denervation

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8
Q

____ atrophy: loss of blood supply (hypoxia and atherosclerosis)

A

ischemic

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9
Q

___ atrophy: hypoxia –> atrophy of skin and subcutaneous tissue over sacrum in bedridden patients or atrophy of BVs due to mass/tumor)

A

pressue

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10
Q

loss of ___ stimulation can lead to atrophy (menopause and cancer treatments)

A

endocrine

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11
Q

____ atrophy: lack of nutrition

A

nutritional

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12
Q

___-____ atrophy: corticosteroids applied topically –> skin atrophy

A

hormone-induced

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13
Q

aging can cause brain atrophy in ___ ___

A

senile dementia

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14
Q

___: increase size of a tissue or organ due to increase size of an individual cell

A

hypertrophy

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15
Q

mechanism of hypertrophy: ___ response to increased functional demand of tissues made up of permanent cells (____ divide)

A

adaptive

cannot

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16
Q

pathogenesis of hypertrophy:

  • ____ amount of cytoplasm
  • ___ number of cytoplasmic organelles
A

increase

increase

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17
Q

pathological hypertrophy

  • ___ functional demand
  • ____ hormonal stimulation
A

increase

increase

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18
Q

pathological hypertrophy

increased functional demand is seen in the left ventricle of ____ patients

A

hypertensive

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19
Q

pathological hypertrophy

increased hormonal stimulation is seen in ___ due to secretion of GH

A

acromegaly

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20
Q

physiologic hypertrophy:

- increased functional demand like ___ muscles in body builders

A

striated

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21
Q

physiologic hypertrophy:

- increased hormonal stimulation as in uterine muscles during ___

A

pregnancy

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22
Q

____: increase size of an organ or tissue as a result of increased number of component cells

A

hyperplasia

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23
Q

mechanism of hyperplasia:

- ADAPTIVE response to increase functional demand of tissue made up of ___ or ___ cells (___ divide)

A

labile
stable
can

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24
Q

____, ____ and __ ___ cells have little or no ability to become hyperplastic

A

heart
nerve
skeletal muscle

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25
Q

physiologic hyperplasia:

  • hormonal
  • epithelium of female breast at ___
  • normal ___ cycle
A

puberty

menstrual

26
Q

physiologic hyperplasia:
- compensatory
liver cells following partial ___

A

hepatectomy

27
Q

pathological hyperplasia

  • endometrium due to ___ estrogen stimulation
  • adrenal glands due to ___ secretion of ACTH
A

excessive

increase

28
Q

in hyperplasia there is ___ stimulus

A

known

29
Q

hyperplasia is ____

A

reversible

30
Q

the cells in hyperplasia look ___

A

normal

31
Q

neoplasia may occur ____ stimulus

A

without

32
Q

neoplasia is ____

A

irreversible

33
Q

neoplasia is ___ in malignant

A

abnormal

34
Q

____: replacement of one adult mature cell type by another cell type

A

metaplasia

35
Q

mechanism of metaplasia: adaptive replacement of cells that are sensitive to stress by more __ ones (____ change)

A

resistant

reversible

36
Q

___ metaplasia: replacement of columnar ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract –> stratified squamous epithelium in smokers

A

squamous

37
Q

___ metaplasia: replacement of the normal stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus –> mucous-secreting epithelium in reflux esophagitis (hiatal hernia)

A

glandular

38
Q

__ ____: herniation of a portion of the gastric funds alongside the esophagus

A

paraesophageal hernia

39
Q

____ metaplasia in scars and areas of muscle trauma

A

osseous

40
Q

___: abnormality in maturation and differentiation of epithelium (___ condition)

A

dysplagia

premalignant

41
Q

causes of dysplagia

  • prolonged ____
  • prolonged ___
  • exposure to _____
A

irritation
inflammation
carninogenics

42
Q

___ ___ detects dysplagia int he cervix

A

pap smear

43
Q

pathological features of dysplagia

- ___ rate of cellular multiplication: numerous mitotic figures –> ___ epithelial bulk

A

increased

increased

44
Q

pathological features of dysplagia

- loss of ___ of cells (ie pleomorphism)

A

uniformity

45
Q

pathological features of dysplagia

- loss of epithelial _____ (ie squamous epithelium may not show the normal differentiation from basal cells)

A

polarity

46
Q

nucleus is dysphagia
___ size
___ chromatin content
___ chromatin

A

increase size
increase chromatin content
abnormal chromatin

47
Q

___ ____: abnormal deposition of calcium salts in soft tissues

A

pathological calcification

48
Q

pathological calcification to the naked eye has fine white ___ or ___

A

granules

clumps

49
Q

microscopic pathological calcification

- initiation of intracellular calcification occurs in the ____ of dead or dying cells

A

MITOCHONDRIA

50
Q

microscopic pathologic calcification

- progressive deposition of several layers –> ___ appearance in the intracellular, extracellular or both

A

lamellated

51
Q

____ ___ = lamellated appearance

A

psammoma bodies

52
Q

___ calcification: deposition of calcium salts in dead or dying tissue

A

dystrophic

53
Q

3 examples of dystrophic calcification

A

atherosclerosis
necrotic tissue
heart valve in rheumatic fever

54
Q

___ calcification: deposition salts in normal tissue where there is hypercalcemia

A

metastatic

55
Q

4 causes of metastatic calcification

A

hyperparathyroidism
vit D intoxication
hyperthyroidism
bone sumors

56
Q

____: failure of development of an organ or structure with in it

A

agenesis

aplasia

57
Q

_____: failure of the development of a lumen in normally tubular structure

A

atresia

58
Q

___: failure of an organ to attain its normal size

A

hypoplasia

59
Q

_____: failure of normal organ differentiation or persistence of primitive embryological structures

A

maldifferentiation

dysgenesis

60
Q

____: development of mature tissue in an inappropriate site

A

ectopia

heteropia

T3- Patho unit 1 (14 decks)

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