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Pharmacology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

bioavailability

A

percent of drug administered that enters the systemic circulation

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2
Q

pinocytosis/phagocytosis

A

type of cellular movement that allows intake of large molecules

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3
Q

volume of distribution

A

indicator of how well a drug is distributed throughout the body

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4
Q

what type of molecule can perform passive diffusion

A

lipophilic, nonionized, small

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5
Q

primary site of drug metabolism

A

liver

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6
Q

drug distribution

A

physiological movement of drugs from the systemic circulation to the tissues

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7
Q

induce

A

describes an increase in the rate of metabolism by an enzyme system

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8
Q

ionized

A

charged

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9
Q

passive diffusion movement

A

high concentration to low concentration

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10
Q

active transport movement

A

low concentration to high concentration

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11
Q

what types of drugs absorb well in the GI tract?

A

hydrophilic drugs

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12
Q

which body compartment gets adequate drug levels the fastest?

A

fat

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13
Q

what condition will allow for greater volume of distribution?

A

normal conditions
dehydrated animals will have less

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14
Q

drug affinity

A

measure of a drug’s strength at which it binds to its receptor

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15
Q

bioequivalency

A

when two drugs would be expected to be essentially the same

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16
Q

first-pass metabolism

A

phenomenon of drug metabolism in which the concentration of active drug is greatly reduced before it reaches systemic circulation because it passes through liver first

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17
Q

acidic drug in an acidic environment

A

nonionized molecules

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18
Q

acidic drug in alkaline environment

A

ionized molecules

19
Q

alkaline drug in acidic environment

A

ionized molecules

20
Q

alkaline drug in alkaline environment

A

nonionized molecules

21
Q

ion trapping

A

occurs when a drug molecules changes from ionized to nonionized form as it moves from one body compartment to another

22
Q

tissue perfusion

A

relative amount of blood supply to an area or body system

23
Q

free drug

A

drug that isn’t bound to a protein and is free in blood
penetrates tissues

24
Q

increased protein binding

A

less free drug

25
Q

decreased protein binding

A

more free drug

26
Q

more free drug causes more chance for ______

A

toxicity

27
Q

biotransformation

A

(drug metabolism)
chemical alteration of drug molecules into metabolites by body cells

28
Q

characteristics of metabolites

A

more hydrophilic, eliminated in urine or bile, wider distribution to tissues or excretion

29
Q

reactions that cause drugs to be altered by metabolism

A
  1. oxidation reactions (lose electrons)
  2. reduction reactions (gain electrons)
  3. hydrolysis (adding H2O causing split)
  4. conjugation (addition of substance which makes drug more water soluble)
30
Q

other sites that can absorb drugs

A

kidneys, small intestine, brain/neurologic tissue, lungs, skin

31
Q

altered absorption

A

one drug alters absorption of other drugs (antacids)

32
Q

altered metabolism

A

same enzyme needed to metabolize more than one drug, slows down metabolizing of both drugs

33
Q

altered elimination

A

some drugs act directly on kidney and decrease elimination of other drugs (diuretics)

34
Q

microsomal enzyme inducers

A

drugs that induce enzyme system alter metabolism by causing liver to become more efficient

35
Q

drug tolerance

A

increased metabolism due to enzyme induction
metabolic: drug is metabolized more rapidly with chronic use
cellular: decreased cellular receptors with repeated use

36
Q

pathways for elimination

A

kidneys, liver, intestine, lungs, milk

37
Q

half life

A

time required for the concentration of drug in the blood to be reduced by half

38
Q

steady-state concentration

A

drug concentration reaches a plateau where peak concentrations and lowest concentrations are the same after repeated doses of drug

39
Q

minimal effective concentration (MEC)

A

onset of action begins when drug achieves MEC

40
Q

peak plasma level

A

elimination rate of drug is equivalent to rate of absorption

41
Q

time to peak

A

time of administration to the time that the peak plasma level is reached

42
Q

minimum toxic concentration (MTC)

A

plasma level at which toxic effects are observed

43
Q

loading dose

A

given to rapidly achieve therapeutic plasma levels

44
Q

dissociation constant K

A

measure of a drug’s affinity for its receptor

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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