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Pharmacology > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

what are antimicrobial drugs used for?

A

to kill microorganisms or suppress their growth

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2
Q

what do biocidal agents do?

A

kills microbes

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3
Q

what do biostatic agents do?

A

inhibit growth or reproduction

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4
Q

antibiotic drugs

A

a chemical substance that has the capacity to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria

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5
Q

spectrum of activity

A

the range of bacteria that an antibiotic or antimicrobial will eradicate

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6
Q

what test is used to test microbial cultures and antimicrobial susceptibility?

A

agar diffusion test

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7
Q

what are the results a bacteria can get from an agar diffusion test?

A

resistant, sensitive, intermediate

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8
Q

breakpoint

A

a chosen concentration of antibiotic drug used to determine a bacteria’s resistance and sensitivity

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9
Q

how do antimicrobial drugs work?

A

inhibition of cell wall synthesis, damage to cell membrane, inhibition of protein synthesis, interference with metabolism, impairment of nucleic acid production

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10
Q

time-dependent antibiotics

A

drug concentration has to stay above MIC of pathogen, long-acting formulations, multiple dose per day

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11
Q

concentration-dependent antibiotics

A

drug concentration needs to be multiple times higher than MIC of pathogen, significant post-antibiotic effect, larger doses less often

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12
Q

antibiotic drug resistance

A

condition in which the bacteria continue to multiply despite administration of a antibiotic

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13
Q

plasmid transfer

A

transfer of nonchromosomal DNA material from a resistant bacterium to a nonresistant bacterium

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14
Q

first-line drug

A

first drug of choice, historically been safe and effective

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15
Q

second-line drug

A

possible greater risk of serious adverse effects, more expensive, unapproved for vet use

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16
Q

what antibiotics are cell wall agents?

A

penicillins, cephalosporins, bacitracin, vancomycin, carbapenems, monobactams

17
Q

what types of penicillin are there?

A

natural, broad-spectrum, beta-lactamase-resistant, potentiated

18
Q

what are penicillins active against?

A

gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative cocci (spheres) and bacilli (rods)

19
Q

what are adverse effects of penicillin?

A

anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea (oral admin), hypersensitivity reactions (parental admin)

20
Q

what are some important things about cephalosporins?

A

has a beta-lactam ring, semisynthetic, potentially neurotoxic, extra-label use in food animals is prohibited, has 5 generations

21
Q

what generations of cephalosporin is used in vet med?

A

first and third generations

22
Q

what is bacitracin effective against?

A

gram-positive bacteria, beta-lactamase producing bacteria

23
Q

what are some things to know about baciracin?

A

it’s a polypeptide antibiotic drug, nephrotoxic when administered systemically, topical or ophthalmologic, poorly absorbed by the GI tract

24
Q

what are vancomycins effective against?

A

gram-positive bacteria and anaerobes

25
Q

what adverse effects are caused by vancomycin?

A

ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity

26
Q

what are things to know about vancomycins?

A

not first-line treatment, given IV, treats resistant strains of bacteria, treats Clostridium sp. when given orally

27
Q

what are carbapenems used for?

A

serious infections that can’t be treated with first-line treatment drugs

28
Q

what are the adverse effects of carbapenem?

A

GI upset, pain on injection, induction of seizures

29
Q

what is carbapenem effective against?

A

gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, beta-lactame production bacteria

30
Q

what are monobactams effective against?

A

gram-negative bacteria, beta-lactame producing gram-negative bacteria

31
Q

what are the adverse effects of monobactams?

A

GI upset, pain/swelling following IM injection, phlebitis after IV injection

32
Q

what is there to know about monobactams?

A

bacteriocidal, good penetration into most tissues, low toxicity risk, reserved for treating serious infections only

33
Q

what are things to be aware of for cell membrane agents?

A

more potential for toxicity problems, polypeptide antibiotic drugs, nephrotoxic when administered systemically, not absorbed orally or topically

34
Q

what are cell membrane agents effective against?

A

gram-negative bacteria

35
Q

how do protein synthesis-inhibiting agents work?

A

they interfere with the formation of the 30S and 50S ribosomal units and inhibit production of necessary proteins

36
Q

what drug is a cell membrane agent?

A

polymyxin B

37
Q

what drugs are protein synthesis-inhibiting agents?

A

aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, phenicols, macrolides, lincosamides, aminocoumarins, tiamulin

38
Q

how do nucleic acid agents work?

A

interference with the bacterial nucleic acid function

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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