1.1a Cell Injury, Adaptation, Accumulation, Death Flashcards
(26 cards)
Process of adaptation where there occurs an increase in number of cells
Hyperplasia
Process of adaptation where there occurs an increase in the size of cells
Hypertrophy
Process of adaptation where there occurs a decrease in the number of cells
Atrophy
Process of adaptation where there occurs a change from one cell type to another
Metaplasia
Enumerate common causes of cell injury (8)
Hypoxia Free radicals and activated o2 species Physical agents (trauma, temp, pressure, radiation, electric shock) Chemical agents and drugs Infectious agents Immunologic reactions Genetic derangements Nutritional imbalances
Most important biochemical mechanism of cell injury that causes increase in mitochondrial permeability
Entry of Ca2+
What is hypoxia
Decrease in oxygen supply
Differentiate ischemia from hypoxia
Ischemia: decreased blood supply
Hypoxia: decreased oxygen which may be due to ischemia
Enumerate four possible processes of adaptation
Hyperplasia
Hypetrophy
Atrophy
Metaplasia
How does decrease in blood supply affect the mitochondria
Decreases oxidative phosphorylation leading to decreased atp production
How does decrease in atp production affect sodium pumps?
Sodium accumates within the cell, then water rushes in making the cell swell. Potassium is effluxed
Nuclear change during necrosis where there is nuclear condensation resulting from chromatin clumping. Also has shrinkage of nucleus
Karyopyknosis / pyknosis
Nuclear change during necrosis where there is nuclear fragmentation
Karyorrhexis
Nuclear change during necrosis where there is chromatin dissolution
Karyolysis
Enumerate cytoplasmic changes during necrosis
Increased eosinophilic appearance
Vacuolated (moth-eaten) appearance (due to fluid accumulation and bleb formation
Calcification
What is the main difference between necrosis and apoptosis in terms of presence/absence of adjacent cell inflammation
Necrosis: frequently present adjacent inflammation
Apoptosis: absence of adjacent cell inflammation
Enumerate and describe two pathways of apoptosis
Intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway
- result of inc. mitochondrial permeability and release of pro-apoptotic molecules
Extrinsic pathway
- engagement of death receptors on the plasma membrane lead to caspase activation
Enumerate types of necrosis
Coagulation necrosis-due to protein denaturation
Liquefaction necrosis- due to hydrolytic enzymes; pus formation
Fat necrosis- lipases act on adipose tissue
Caseous necrosis- coagulation + liquefaction necrosis
Gangrenous necrosis - coag + liquefaction of bacteria and wbcs
Fibrinoid necrosis - infiltration of CT and arterial walls by eosinophilic hyaline material
Deficiency in ___ results in accumuluation of homogentisic acid which results in a condition called alkaptonuria
Homogentisatedioxygenase
__ is a pigment derived from hemoglobin and contains iron that appears yellow to brown and is positive for Prussian blue
Hemosiderin
__ cells are hemosiderin laden macrophages found in the lungs in pathentd with heart failure and chronic pulmonary edema
Heart failure cells
__ is a pigment derived from hemoglobin but does not contain iron; accumulation leads to jaundice and kernicterus
Bilirubin
List the six common causes of atrophy
Decreased workload Loss of innervation Decreased blood supply Inadequate nutrition Loss of endocrine stimulation Pressure atrophy
The most common cause of muscle hypertrophy is __
Increased workload
