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PSYCO 223 > 1.2 > Flashcards

1.2 Flashcards

1
Q

T/F before the 1600’s, europeans didn’t have the concept of “childhood”

A

true

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2
Q

theories

A

explanations n predictions concerning phenomena of interest, providing framework for understanding relationships among a seemingly unorganized set of facts or principles

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3
Q

what are the five theoretical perspectives on lifespan development

A 
psychodynamic 
behavioural 
cognitive 
contextual 
evolutionary
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4
Q

psychodynamic perspective

A

approach that states behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond ppls awareness and control

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5
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A

freuds theory that unconscious forces determine personality and behavior

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6
Q

according to psychoanalytic theory, what are the 3 parts of personality?

A

id
ego
superego

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7
Q

id

what is it, what principle does it operate on?

A

primal instincts/urges

operates on pleasure principle

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8
Q

ego

what is it, what principle does it operate on?

A

the rational and responsible part

operates on reality principle

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9
Q

superego

what is it and when does it develop

A

a persons conscience

around 5-6

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10
Q

pleasure principle

A

goal is to maximize satisfaction and reduce tension

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11
Q

reality principle

A

instinctual energy is restrained in order to keep the individual safe n integrated in society

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12
Q

freuds stages of psychosexual development

A 
oral
anal
phallic
latency 
genital
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13
Q

when does the oral stage in freuds stages of psychosexual development occur and what are the characteristics

A

birth - 12/18 months

oral gratification from sucking, biting, eating, mouthing

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14
Q

when does the anal stage in freuds stages of psychosexual development occur and what are the characteristics

A

12/18 mo - 3yrs

gratification from defecating, coming to terms with toilet training

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15
Q

when does the phallic stage in freuds stages of psychosexual development occur and what are the characteristics

A

3 - 5/6 yrs

interesting in genitals
oedipus conflict
identifying with the same sex parent

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16
Q

when does the latency stage in freuds stages of psychosexual development occur and what are the characteristics

A

5/6 - adolescence

sexual concerns largely unimportant

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17
Q

when does the genital stage in freuds stages of psychosexual development occur and what are the characteristics

A

adolescence to adulthood

establishment of nature sexual relationships

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18
Q

according to freud, what happens when children r unable to gratify themselves during a paryicular stage?

A

fixation occurs

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19
Q

fixation

A

behavior reflecting an earlier stage of development due to unresolved conflict

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20
Q

who created the psychosocial theory?

A

erik erikson

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21
Q

psychosocial development

A

the approach that encompasses changes in our interactions with and understanding of one another

as well as our understanding of ourselves as members of society

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22
Q

eriksons stages of psychosocial development

A 
trust v. mistrust
autonomy v. shame/doubt 
initiative v. guilt
industry v. inferiority
identity v. identity confusion 
intimacy v. isolation 
generativity v. stagnation
ego integrity v. despair
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23
Q

when does the trust v. mistrust stage in eriksons stages of psychosocial development occur

A

birth - 12/18mo

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24
Q

when does the autonomy v. shame/doubt stage in eriksons stages of psychosocial development occur

A

12/18mo - 3yrs

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25
when does the initiative v. guilt stage in eriksons stages of psychosocial development occur
3-5/6
26
when does the industry v. inferiority stage in eriksons stages of psychosocial development occur
5/6-adolescence
27
when does the identity v. identity confusion stage in eriksons stages of psychosocial development occur
adolescence
28
when does the intimacy v. isolation stage in eriksons stages of psychosocial development occur
early adulthood
29
when does generativity v. stagnation stage in eriksons stages of psychosocial development occur
middle adulthood
30
when does the ego integrity v. despair stage in eriksons stages of psychosocial development occur
late adulthood
31
criticisms of freuds theory
no research to support sexist only applied to upper middle class austrians
32
critisicms of eriksons theory
sexist | vague, can't really b tested
33
behavioural perspective
approach suggesting the keys to understanding development are observable behaviour and outside stimuli in the environment
34
do behaviourists see development as qualitative or quantitative
quantitative
35
classical conditioning
when an organism learns to respond in a particular way to a neutral stimulus
36
operant conditioning
form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened/weakened by association w pos/neg consequences
37
behavior modification
formal technique for promoting desired behaviours n decreasing unwanted ones
38
social learning cognitive theory
theory stating that learning occurs by observing the behavior of another person, called a model
39
diff between conditioning (classical n operating) and social learning
conditioning considers learning in terms of stimuli n response social learning argues that mental activity (thoughts/expectations) is what makes humans diff from rats, so we need to think more complexly about the issue
40
cognitive perspective
focuses on processes that allow ppl to know, understand, and think about the world
41
what did piaget believe about cognitive development
human thinking is arranged into schemes
42
schemes
organized mental patterns that represent behaviours and actions
43
T/F schemes represent concrete behavior
false in infants they do, but in older children it becomes more abstract
44
what two principles did piaget believe explained the growth in children's understanding of the world?
assimilation | accommodation
45
assimilation
process in which ppl understand a new experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development
46
accommodation
changes in ways of thinking in response to encounters w new stimuli n events
47
criticisms of piagets theories
some cognitive skills emerge earlier than he thought. some ppl never reach the highest level. plus, he suggested cognitive development is far more discontinuous than it is
48
information processing approaches
model that seeks to identify ways individuals take in, use, and store info
49
do information processing approaches view developmental advances as being qualitative or quantitative
quantitative
50
neo piagetian theory
cognitive development proceeds quickly in certain areas and slowly in others.
51
criticism of information processing approaches
they don't offer a complete explanation of behavior, such as the onset of new skills/creativity
52
cognitive neuroscience approaches
looks at cognitive development at the level of brain processes seek to identify actual locations n functions within the brain related to diff types of cognitive activity
53
contextual perspective
considers relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds
54
bioecological approach
perspective suggesting that 5 levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals
55
what r the 5 levels of environment in the bio ecological approach
``` microsystems mesosystem exosystem macro system chronosystem ```
56
microsystems
everyday immediate environment of the children's lives homes, parents, teachers the child actively helps construct the micro system
57
mesosystem
connects the various aspects of the microsystems connects children to parents, students to teachers, employees to bosses
58
exosystem
broader influences of societal institutions government, community, schools, local media, places of worship
59
macro system
larger cultural influences on an individual society in general types of government value systems
60
chronosystem
the way time n history affects development
61
sociocultural theory
emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture
62
reciprocal transaction
ppl n setting influence child | child influence ppl n setting
63
evolutionary perspective
theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors
64
ethology
field which examines how biological makeup effects behavior
65
behavioural genetics
effects of heredity on behavior
66
critics of evolutionary perspective
doesn't take environmental and social into account you can't prove it
67
what is included in psychodynamic perspective
freuds psychosexual | eriksons psychosocial
68
what is included in behavorial perspective
classical conditioning operant conditioning social cognitive learning theory
69
what is included in cognitive perspective
piagets theory info processing approaches cognitive neuroscience approaches
70
what is included in contextual perspective
bioecological | sociocultural

PSYCO 223 (13 decks)

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