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PSYCO 223 > 6.1 > Flashcards

6.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Adolescence

A

Developmental stage between childhood and adulthood

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2
Q

There are coming of age ceremonies across many cultures, what is the underlying purpose?

A

To celebrate the physical changes that come with adolescence

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3
Q

When do growth spurts start?

A

Girls, 10

Boys, 12

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4
Q

At what point are girls taller than boys and what point are boys taller than girls?

A

From 11-13 girls are taller, but by 13, boys are taller

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5
Q

Puberty

A

Period during which sexual organs mature

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6
Q

When does puberty start?

A

When brain signals other glands to begin producing adult levels of sex hormones

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7
Q

Androgens

A

Male sex hormone

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8
Q

Estrogens

A

Female sex hormones

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9
Q

T/F gorls and boys produce both estrogens and androgens

A

True

But the amount differs between sexes

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10
Q

Leptin

A

A hormone that plays a role in the onset of puberty

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11
Q

Menarche

A

The onset of menstruation

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12
Q

T/F there are environmental and cultural factors that affect when puberty begins in girls

A

True

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13
Q

What are the environmental and cultural differences in menarche

A

Better nourished and healthy girls start menstruation sooner
In wealthy countries, menstruation starts sooner, and richer girls in those countries start puberty sooner than less affluent girls in those countries
Stress can cause early onset

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14
Q

T/F, over the past century, girls have been entering puberty at a later age

A

False

Earlier age

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15
Q

What could be causing the earlier onset of puberty in girls worldwide?

A

Reduced disease and improved nutrition

Bpa in plastic mimic estrogen when ingested

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16
Q

Secular trend

A

Pattern of change occurring over several generations

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17
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

Characteristics associated with the development of the organs and structures of the body that directly relate to reproduction

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18
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Visible signs of sexual maturity that do not directly involve the sex organs

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19
Q

Primary sex characteristics changes in girls

A

Changes in vagina and uterus

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20
Q

Secondarys ex characteristic changes in girls

A

Breast develiopment age 10
Pubic hair development age 11
Underarm hair development age 12

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21
Q

Spermarche

A

A boys first ejaculation

Usually at 13

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22
Q

Primary sex characteristic changes in boys

A

Growth of penis and scrotum age 12
Prostate gland and seminal vesicles develop
Spermarche

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23
Q

Secondary sex characteristic changes in boys

A

Pubic hair development age 12
Underarm and facial hair development age 12
Vocal cords become longer
Larynx become larger

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24
Q

What are higher hormone levels in boys associated with

A

Anger and annoyance

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25
What are higher hormone levels in girls associated with
Anger and depression
26
What effect does menarche have on self-image of girls today vs. in the past
It used to scare them due to lack of education, focusing on bad stuff like cramps Now they see themselves as young adults because of it
27
Girls often tell their mothers when they've had menarche, but boys rarely mention their spermarche to anyone, why might this be?
Mothers may provide the sanitary napkins girls need, but for boys spermarche may be seen as a sign of thieir budding sexuallity, an area they still feel uncertain about and reluctant to discuss with others
28
How do body changes associated with puberty affect female self image
Girls may be ashamed of their new bodies | Puberty increases fat, which goes against western ideals of female beauty
29
How does early maturation affect boys positively
Tend to be more successful athletes Tend to be more popular Tend to be more self-confident More responsible and cooperative in adulthood
30
How does early maturation affect boys negatively?
More apt to have school difficulties More likely to be involved in delinquency and substance abuse More likely to seek company of older boys and become involved in age-inappropriate activities More conforming More lacking in humour
31
Overall, is early maturation positive or negative for boys?
Positive
32
How does early maturation affect girls positively
They are more sought after as dates, and this popularity may increase their self esteem
33
How does early maturation affect girls negatively?
The changes in their bodies might make them feel uncomfortable and different from their peers Less mature classmates may ridicule them They may not be emotionally ready for one-on-one dating, it'll make them feel more different from their peers
34
How do cultural norms play a role in how girls experience early maturation?
In societies that shame girls for open sexuality, outcomes can be negative In societies that have open view of sex, early maturing girls have more self esteem
35
How does late maturation affect boys negatively
Considered less attractive Disadvantage In sports Might have hard time dating girls if they're short
36
How does late maturation affect boys positively
Coping with late maturation may help them More assertive and insightful More creatively playful
37
How does late maturation affect girls negatively
Overlooked in dating/mixed sex activities | Low social status
38
How does late maturation affect girls positively
Fewer emotional issues | Tend to have more ideal (slender, leggy) body type
39
What nutrients are most important for adolescents to receive during the growth spurt?
Calcium for bones | Iron for blood
40
What is the most common nutritional concern in adolescence
Obesity
41
T/F the proportion of obese females decrease over the course of adolescence
False | Increase
42
What are the major culprits of adolescent obesity
Lack of exercise | Lack of healthy eating choices
43
What may be the reason female adolescents are not getting enough exercise?
Lack of organized sports/recreational facilities for girls. | Cultural norms say sports are a guy thing
44
Anorexia nervosa
Severe eating disorder, individual refuses to eat
45
What group of people are primarily affected by anorexia nervosa
12-40 year old women | Affluent, white girls
46
What percentage of anorexia nervosa victims starve to death
15-20%
47
T/F anorexics avoid talking about food and don't like handling it
False | They often collect cookbooks, talk about food, cook for others
48
Bulimia
Binge eating followed by purging and guilt
49
Health consequences of bulimia
Causes chemical imbalance that can trigger heart failure
50
Binge eating disorder
Binging without purging
51
T/F bulimia has now been recognized as a psychiatric disorder
False | Binge eating disorder has
52
Are bulimics very skinny or very fat? Does bulimia help them lose weight?
They tend to be overweight/obese, and remain the same weight
53
What factors cause eating disorders to occur
``` Dieting culture Early maturation Genetics Hormonal imbalances Perfectionist parents Cultural views of ideal female body ```
54
What happens to neuron development in adolescents
Increase grey matter Myelination increase Pruning by 1-2% every year
55
What happens to prefrontal cortex of adolescents
Develops a lot Increase efficiency with communicating with rest of brain Provides impulse control (but it's not too well developed)
56
When do humans become better at restraining impulses?
When we lose more grey matter and gain more white matter | This happens throughout adolescence
57
How is alcohol consumption affected by the development of the adolescent brain
Change in dopamine sensitivity and production can lead to reduced alcohol sensitivity, which can lead to increase in alcohol consumption
58
How does sleep deprivation affect adolescents
Lower marks More depressed Mood instability Increase risk for car accident
59
Why is sleep deprivation so common for adolescents
Their body wants them to go to sleep and wake later | But school makes them wake up early
60
T/F illegal drug use has increased in recent years
False | Decreased
61
Who do adolescents do drugs?
``` Seek pleasure Escape stress Thrill of crime Drug-using celebrities Peer pressure ```
62
Addictive drugs
Produce biological/psychological dependence in users | Powerful cravings for them
63
T/F with a biological addiction. The body cannot function without the presence of the drug, even if it doesn't cause a high anymore
True
64
T/F frequent heavy drinking is more common in adults 25+ than in youth 15-24
False | Three times higher in youth 15-24
65
Binge drinking
Having five or more drinks in one sitting
66
T/F binge drinking is a problem on campuses across canada
True
67
What regional variances exist in binge drinking
More in atlantic provinces and ontario | Less in quebec and BC
68
Why do young people drink?
``` Celebrate Be sociable To get drunk Prove prowess Release stress and inhibitions False consensus effect ```
69
False consensus effect
Doing something because you think everyone else is doing it
70
Alcoholics
People who've learned to depend on alcohol Can't control their drinking Develop increased tolerance, need to drink more
71
Do alcoholics drink throughout day or go on binges?
Some drink throughout the day | Some go on binges
72
Why do adolescents become alcoholics?
Genetic predisposition | People with alcoholic parents may be more stressed out and turn to alcohol to deal with it
73
In canada, do girls or boys smoke more?
Boys smoke more than girls
74
T/F youth who smoke are more likely to drink alcohol and use drugs
True
75
What is the most common STI
HPV
76
AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | Most deadly of all STI’s
77
Chlamydia
Bacterial infection Causes burning urination and discharge Can lead to pelvic inflammation Can lead to sterility
78
What STI’s are caused by bacterial infections are there? Can they be treated?
Chlamydia Gonorrea Syphilis Can be treated with antibiotics
79
Genital herpes
Viral infection Incurable Contagious Causes painful sores
80
Trichomoniasis
Caused by parasite | Painful discharge
81
What makes teenagers avoid safe sex techniques?
They believe the chances of getting an STI is low | They may view their partner as “safe” if they know and trust them

PSYCO 223 (13 decks)

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