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PSYCO 223 > 2.1 > Flashcards

2.1 Flashcards

1
Q

gamete

A

reproductive cell

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2
Q

zygote

A

sperm + egg

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3
Q

genes

A

the basic unit of genetic information

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4
Q

dna

A

substance that makes up genes

determines nature n function of every cell in body

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5
Q

chromosome

A

rod shaped portions of dna

organized into 23 pairs

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6
Q

how many chromosomes are in a human somatic cell?

A

46

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7
Q

monozygotic twins

A

twins that came from a single fertilized cell

they r genetically identical

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8
Q

dizygotic twins

A

twins that came from two separate sperm + eggs

genetically diff.

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9
Q

which pair of chromosomes determines the sex of the child?

A

the 23rd

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10
Q

what is the 23rd chromosome pair in males n females?

A

males: XY
females: XX

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11
Q

dominant trait

A

the trait that is expressed when there r 2 competing traits

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12
Q

recessive trait

A

the trait that is not expressed when two competing traits r present

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13
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup of an organism

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14
Q

phenotype

A

the observable trait

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15
Q

homozygous

A

having two of the same allele

the allele of a gene you get from your mom matches the allele of the same gene you get from your dad

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16
Q

heterozygous

A

having two different alleles

the allele of a gene you get from your mom doesn’t match the allele of the same gene you get from your dad

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17
Q

PKU

A

recessive genetic disease that makes children unable to use an amino acid in milk, and lets it build up to toxic levels

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18
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

when a combo of multiple genes r responsible for production of a particular trait

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19
Q

x linked genes

A

recessive genes that r on the x chromosome

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20
Q

are men or women more susceptible to x-linked disorders? why?

A

men

they only have one x chromosome, so if they get an x chromosome with the recessive gene, they don’t have another X chromosome with the possibility of having the dominant gene to cancel it out, like women do

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21
Q

red-green colour blindness is an x linked disorder. are more men or more women red green colourblind?

A

men

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22
Q

T/F 50% of the gene sequences is shared by all humans

A

false

99.9% of the gene sequence

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23
Q

behavorial genetics

A

studying the effects of heredity on behavior

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24
Q

down’s syndrome

A

disorder produced by presence of an extra chromosome on the twenty first pair

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25
mongolism
the extra chromosome in the 21st pair of someone with down syndrome
26
Most frequent cause of intellecual impairment
Downs syndrome
27
T/F the risk of downs syndrome is much higher in younger mothers and much lower in older mothers
False | It’s much higher in both young and old mothers
28
Fragile X syndrome
Occurs when a particular gene is damaged on x chromosome, causes mild-moderate mental retardation
29
Sickle cell anemia
Blood disorder that caused misshapen blood cells
30
T/F 1 in 10 people of african descent have sickle cell anemia
False | 1 in 10 carry the gene for sickle cell anemia
31
Symptoms of sickle cell anemia
Stunted growth Swollen stomach Yellowish eyes
32
Tay sachs disease
Disorder. Causes blindness and muscle degeneration before death
33
What is the treatment for tay sachs disease
There is no treatment
34
Klinefelter's syndrome
A disorder caused by an extra X chromosome on a male
35
What is the genotype of someone with Klinefelter's syndrome?
XXY
36
Symptoms of Klinefelter's syndrome
Underdeveloped genitals Extreme height Enlarged breasts
37
Children with sickle cell anemia die more in north america than in africa, why?
Carrying sickle cell disease raises immunity to malaria, which is common in west africa, giving them a genetic advantage
38
Genetic counselling
Focuses on helping people deal with issues relating to inherited disorders
39
What techniques can be used in prenatal testing?
First trimester screen Ultrasound sonography Chorionic villus sampling Amniocentesis
40
First trimester screen
The earliest test you can do, 11-13th week Combines blood test and ultrasound sonography Identify chromosomal abnormalities and disorders like heart problems
41
Ultrasound sonography
High frequency sound waves go through the womb and make an image This way we can see size and shape of bbay
42
Chorionic villus sampling
Can be used if ultrasound and blood tests identify a problem | Insert thin needle in fetus and get hair like- samples
43
What is the risk of Chorionic villus sampling?
1 in 100 to 1 in 200 has a risk of miscarriage
44
Amniocentesis. What happens, when it happens, what it does
Small needle inserted in amniotic fluid and draws out fetal cell samples Carried out 15-20 weeks into pregnancy Can identify genetic defects with almost 100% accuracy
45
T/F genetic counsellors, after going through the procedures, will give recommendations to the parents on how to deal with the issue
False They will merely tell the parents their options
46
What is the newest role of genetic counsellors
To screen people, not their children, for susceptibility to genetic disorders
47
Why is genetic testing a difficult ethical issue?
It can cause emotional issues if you get a positive result, since now you know you have the gene for a disease
48
Temperament
Patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in people
49
Multifactorial transmission
The determination of traits by a combo of both genetic and environmental factors
50
Why do some children who genetically have a heightened reactivity to stimuli end up shy and some end up outgoing?
The environment they're raised in makes the difference
51
T/F environment can always affect phenotype
False For ex: when mothers were malnourished while pregnant during WWII, it had no effect on the babys intelligence or physical health
52
What happens in nonhuman animal studies
We can observe genetically similar animals in different environments, to see effect of environment We can observe genetically dissimilar animals in similar environments, to see effect of heredity
53
Cons to nonhuman animal studies
We can't know how it applies to humans | We’re limited cuz no single animal models behavior just like a human
54
Twin studies
Looking at twins that were adopted at birth and raised in different environments
55
What factors can affect the results of twin studies?
Adoption agencies try to match babies with adoptive parents similar to their biological ones, so the environments are similar anyways
56
T/F the closer genetic link between individuals, the greater the correspondence of their IQ scores
True
57
T/F personality in determined by genetics
~ | Personality is partly determined by genetics, but environment has a role too
58
T/F the risk for schizophrenia is determined entirely by genetics
False | Genetics play a large role, but environment has a role
59
T/F alcoholism has a genetic component
True
60
What are the three ways a child's genes can influence their environment
Passive Evocative Active
61
Passive genotype-environment
The parent, who is directed by their genes, chooses the environment for their child, who shares their genes
62
Evocative genotype-environment
The child's traits cause an influence on the environment
63
Active genotype-environment
A child who is genetically predisposed to certain traits may choose environments where that trait is beneficial
64
What type of genotype-environment relationship is the following: A child who is genetically predisposed to be sensitive to stimulus and cries a lot, this causes the parents to be more attentive to the baby and it's demands
Evocative
65
What type of genotype-environment relationship is the following: A child who is genetically well coordinated plays with a ball a lot in the house. The parents see this and decide to give her sports equipment
Evocative
66
What type of genotype-environment relationship is the following: An active child gravitates towards joining the sports team whilst a reserved child decides to stay home and read
Active
67
What type of genotype-environment relationship is the following: A sports-oriented parent has genes that promote good physical condition, and provides many opportunities to play sports
Passive

PSYCO 223 (13 decks)

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